Amanita rhacopus - Amanitaceae.org - Taxonomy and Morphology of Amanita and Limacella

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name	Amanita rhacopus
name status	nomen acceptum
author	Lamoureux ex Lamoureux in Lambert et al.
english name	"Shaggy Legged Ringless Amanita"
images	1. Amanita rhacopus, Canaan Valley St. Pk., Tucker Co., West Virginia, U.S.A. (RET 181-8) 2. Amanita rhacopus, Paul's Smith College, Paul's Smith, Franklin Co., New York, U.S.A. (RET 480-4) 3. Amanita rhacopus, Floodwood Mtn. Rd., Franklin Co., New York, U.S.A. (RET 480-9) 4. Amanita rhacopus, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Cumberland Co., Maine, U.S.A. (RET 626-6) 5. Amanita rhacopus, Pequot Woods, Mystic, New London Co., Connecticut, U.S.A. (RET 703-3)
intro	For the time being, please see the technical tab of this page.
odor/taste	This mushroom has no noticeable odor or taste.
spores	The spores measure (9.3-) 9.5 - 11.9 (-12.0) × (8.5-) 8.9 - 10.8 (-11.5) µm and are globose to subglobose and inamyloid. Clamps are not found at bases of basidia.
discussion	In older publications, this mushroom was often (incorrectly) called A. ceciliae (or A. inaurata, a synonym of A. ceclieae). Amanita ceciliae is a European taxon originally described from England. There are several eastern North American taxa that may be confused with this species in the field; among these the most common appear to be A. minnesorora, A. texasorora, A. xanthomitra, and A. sp-V03. There are several others, with the exact number unknown at the present time. Please see series Ceciliae.—R. E. Tulloss
brief editors	RET

name

Amanita rhacopus

author

Lamoureux ex Lamoureux in Lambert et al. 2018. MycoKeys 38: 50, fig. 1. Lamoureux nom. prov. (2006). Champignons du Québec 2: 51, fig. 14.

name status

nomen acceptum

english name

"Shaggy Legged Ringless Amanita"

etymology

ρακυσ, "rag" or "piece of cloth" + --πυς, "-footed" or "-legged"; hence, "rag-legged."

MycoBank nos.

827343

GenBank nos.

Due to delays in data processing at GenBank, some accession numbers may lead to unreleased (pending) pages. These pages will eventually be made live, so try again later.

accession	locus	voucher	source
KX270319	nrITS	2.viii.2014 D. Wasilewski s.n. (RET 652-4)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MG734662	nrITS	29.vii.2007 J. Labrecque (paratype, CMMF009640)	J.-M. Moncalvo et al., Royal Ontario Museum, Ottawa
KY263611	nrITS	27.vi.2014 D. Wasilewski s.n. (RET 644-6)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KY435399	nrITS	1.viii.2015 NEMF2015 participant s.n. [Tulloss 8-1-15-C] (RET 703-3)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KP224335	nrITS	13.vii.2004 L. L. Norvell LLN2040713-01 (RET 376-8)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KY263613	nrITS	11.vii.2014 David Wasilewski s.n. (RET 644-10)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KY655760	nrITS	8.viii.2014 G. Davis s.n. [Tulloss 8-8-14-D] (RET 626-8)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KP224330	nrITS	18.ix.1992 Dr. R. P. Bhatt & Dr. A. Kumar FMR-3A (RET 126-2)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KP221313	nrLSU	20.vii.2009 Christiane & Michel Corbeil s.n. (RET 505-6)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KY655751	nrLSU	8.viii.2014 G. Davis s.n. [Tulloss 8-8-14-D] (RET 626-8)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KP224329	nrITS	17.vii.1991 R. E. Tulloss 7-17-91-A (RET 010-4)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KY655752	nrLSU	8.viii.2014 David Wasilewski s.n. [Tulloss 8-8-14-M] (RET 626-10)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KP224331	nrITS	9.viii.1987 NJMA foray participant s.n. [Tulloss 8-9-87-C] (RET 181-3)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KX270341	nrLSU	26.vii.2014 D. Wasilewski s.n. (RET 652-10)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KY263612	nrITS	24.vii.2014 D. Wasilewski s.n. (RET 644-8)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MN650865	nrITS-LSU	26.vi.2015 David Wasilewski s.n. (RET 709-9)	S. D. Russell et al., Purdue Univ.
KX270339	nrLSU	7.ix.2014 D. Wasilewski s.n. (RET 652-5)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KY655749	nrLSU (LR3R read)	8.viii.2014 David Wasilewski s.n. [Tulloss 8-8-14-K] (RET 625-9)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MN650864	nrITS-LSU	7.viii.2018 Alden Dirks s.n. (RET 841-8)	S. D. Russell et al., Purdue Univ.
KU186825	nrITS	7.viii.2014 Igor Safonov s.n. [Tulloss 8-7-14-A] (RET 626-6)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MG734659	nrITS	29.ix.2007 M. Didukh and B. Dentinger (paratype, TRTC156853)	J.-M. Moncalvo et al., Royal Ontario Museum, Ottawa
KX061529	nrLSU	23.vi.2015 Garrett Taylor s.n. (RET 695-2)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KP662537	nrITS	25.viii.2009 Herbert Baker s.n. (RET 449-2)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MZ539435	nrITS-LSU	30.viii.2014 D. Wasilewski s.n. (RET 655-8)	S. D. Russell et al., Purdue Univ.
KP221311	nrITS	10.vii.2014 L. Kudzma LVK14071 (RET 657-2)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KY655762	nrITS	9.viii.2014 Connie Borodenko s.n. [Tulloss 8-9-14-D] (RET 627-2)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KP224339	nrITS	24.ix.2010 Jason Karakenian s.n. [Tulloss 9-24-10-F] (RET 585-10)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KP224336	nrITS	4.iv.2007 J. Dawson s.n. [Tulloss 8-10-07-B] (RET 409-10)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MG734663	nrITS	21.ix.2014 H. Lambert (paratype, HL048)	J.-M. Moncalvo et al., Royal Ontario Museum, Ottawa
KY655759	nrITS	8.viii.2014 David Wasilewski s.n. [Tulloss 8-8-14-K] (RET 625-9)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KY655753	nrLSU	9.viii.2014 Connie Borodenko s.n. [Tulloss 8-9-14-D] (RET 627-2)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MG734660	nrITS	?? (holotype CMMF 2171)	J.-M. Moncalvo et al., Royal Ontario Museum, Ottawa
MG734658	nrITS	27.ix.2014 R. Lebeuf (paratype, HRL1876)	J.-M. Moncalvo et al., Royal Ontario Museum, Ottawa
KP224338	nrITS	20.vii.2009 Christiane & Michel Corbeil s.n. (RET 505-6)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MG734663	nrITS	21.ix.2014 H. Lambert (paratype, HL048)	J.-M. Moncalvo et al., Royal Ontario Museum, Ottawa
KX270321	nrITS	7.ix.2014 D. Wasilewski s.n. (RET 652-9)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KY655763	nrITS	9.viii.2014 Lynn Jones s.n. [Tulloss 8-9-14-B] (RET 627-8)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KY655765	nrITS	27.viii.1994 Martha Gottlieb s.n. (RET 686-4)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KP224337	nrITS	24.viii.2007 Jeff Miller s.n. [Tulloss 8-24-07-J] (RET 440-4)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MK277559	nrLSU	13.vii.2004 L. L. Norvell LLN2040713-01 (RET 376-8)	L. Nagy, Agaricales Diversification, Szeged Univ.
MG734661	nrITS	21.ix.2014 H. Lambert (paratype, HL049)	J.-M. Moncalvo et al., Royal Ontario Museum, Ottawa
KP224333	nrITS	30.viii.1998 C. Conover, S. E. K. & R. E. Tulloss [Tulloss] 8-30-98-C (RET 286-10)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KY655761	nrITS	8.viii.2014 David Wasilewski s.n. [Tulloss 8-8-14-M] (RET 626-10)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KY263610	nrITS	27.vi.2014 D. Wasilewski s.n. (RET 644-4)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MG734664	nrITS	19.viii.2011 Renée Lebeuf (paratype, HRL0804)	??
KY263608	nrITS	24.vii.2014 D. Wasilewski s.n. (RET 643-1)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KU186824	nrITS	23.viii.2008 W. Yule s.n. [Tulloss 8-23-08-D (RET 421-1)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KU186820	nrLSU	23.viii.2008 W. Yule s.n. [Tulloss 8-23-08-D (RET 421-1)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KX270340	nrLSU	7.ix.2014 D. Wasilewski s.n. (RET 652-9)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KY655764	nrITS	9.viii.2014 M. Bynum s.n. [Tulloss 8-9-14-C] (RET 627-10)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KP221312	nrITS	4.vii.2014 Linas Kudzma LVK14046 (RET 657-7)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KU186821	nrLSU	7.viii.2014 Igor Safonov s.n. [Tulloss 8-7-14-A] (RET 626-6)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KY655754	nrLSU	9.viii.2014 Lynn Jones s.n. [Tulloss 8-9-14-B] (RET 627-8)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KX270320	nrITS	7.ix.2014 D. Wasilewski s.n. (RET 652-5)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KY263609	nrITS	27.vi.2014 D. Wasilewski s.n. (RET 643-6)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KP224332	nrITS	25.vi.1996 R. E. Tulloss 6-25-96-A (RET 181-8)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KX061516	nrITS	23.vi.2015 Garrett Taylor s.n. (RET 695-2)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KX270322	nrITS	26.vii.2014 D. Wasilewski s.n. (RET 652-10)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KY655750	nrLSU (5' end)	8.viii.2014 David Wasilewski s.n. [Tulloss 8-8-14-K] (RET 625-9)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KX270338	nrLSU	2.viii.2014 D. Wasilewski s.n. (RET 652-4)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KY435400	nrLSU	1.viii.2015 NEMF2015 participant s.n. [Tulloss 8-1-15-C] (RET 703-3)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KY655755	nrLSU	9.viii.2014 M. Bynum s.n. [Tulloss 8-9-14-C] (RET 627-10)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KP224334	nrITS	10.vi.2000 G. M. Mueller s.n. [Tulloss 6-10-00-G] (RET 313-3)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ

intro

Olive text indicates a specimen that has not been thoroughly examined (for example, for microscopic details) and marks other places in the text where data is missing or uncertain.

NOTE: THIS PAGE IS IN TRANSITION DUE TO SEGREGATION OF MULTIPLE TAXA BY MOLECULAR MEANS.

Pages to which collections are being transferred include the following: Amanita texasorora and Amanita sp-V03.

The following is based on the protolog of the present species and on molecular research of L. V. Kudzma and other original research of R. E. Tulloss.

pileus

protolog: 40-80 mm wide, brown to greyish brown, sometimes brownish tan, with time darker over disc and inner ends of marginal striations, ovoid to rounded conic, slightly umbonate to applanate, smooth; context not described; margin striate, (0.25-0.4R), nonappendiculate; universal veil often present as gray flakes. [Note: Description amended from illustrations.—ed.]

Lamoureux (2006): 40 - 80 mm wide, grayish brown to blackish, at times darkest near inner ends of marginal striations, ovoid at first then rounded-conic, eventually plano-convex and umbonate; context whitish; margin striate; universal veil absent or as gray flat remnants.

RET: 57 - 85 mm wide, grayish or olivaceous brown, blackish brown over inner ends of marginal striations, becoming darker with age, sometimes darkest over disc (e.g., a bit paler than 5E6), sometimes pallid at margin, hemispheric to broadly campanulate then plano-convex or planar with depressed disc, viscid (when wet) to subviscid to subwaxy, shiny (when wet) to subshiny or subsatiny when moist, dull when dry, often tacky; context white to off-white, with grayish tinge or pale brown in narrow region under pileipellis in disc, unchanging when cut or bruised, 3 - 4.5 mm thick over stipe, thinning evenly for 60 - 75% of distance from stipe to margin, then membranous; margin striate (0.25 - 0.4R), sometimes subtuberculate-striate, nonappendiculate; universal veil absent or as small patches or large warts, whitish at first, then gray, finally dark gray, sometimes polygonal, sometimes irregularly shaped, friable, detersile.

lamellae

protolog: free, crowded, white to whitish, becoming grayish near pileus margin or completely greyish with age, with edges finely pulverulent; lamellulae truncate, of diverse lengths, unevenly distributed, numerous.

Lamoureux (2006): white to grayish.

RET: free, lacking decurrent line on stipe apex, subcrowded to crowded, off-white to pale grayish white in mass, in side view slightly grayer than adjacent pileus context and becoming grayish white with age, becoming brown on old wounds, 4.5 - 7.5 mm broad, broadest at half to three-quarters of length (from stipe), with white or whitish and minutely flocculose predominantly uncurving edge, rounded at pileus margin; lamellulae truncate to subtruncate, of diverse lengths, scattered, unevenly distributed (e.g., in one case absent from continuous arc of 15 - 20% of pileus circumference).

stipe

protolog: 70–120 × 7–13 mm, cylindric to slightly narrowing upward, flocculose and white first, then smooth to appressed fibrillose and whitish to grayish, at times with chevron-forming grayish fibrils; context whitish, unchanging when cut or bruised exannulate; universal veil friable, gray, with limbus internus as annulus-like remnants near stipe base.

Lamoureux (2006): 70 - 120 × 7.5 - 13 μm, with base color white to off-white, narrowing upward, slightly flaring at apex, flocculose at first, often undecorated at maturity, sometimes decorated with gray or brownish gray fibrils or becoming so decorated after handling; context white to off-white, unchanging, hollow, with central cylinder 4 mm wide, with cottony white cross walls, with larval tunnels not observed.; exannulate; universal veil as narrow band on lower stipe, friable, gray. [Note: Stipe decoration was unintentionally misdescribed in the original publication and is corrected here at the request of the author (Lamoureux, pers. comm.).—ed.]

RET: 120 - 157 × 8 - 13.5 mm, white to off-white with fine gray tint from limbus internus, becoming faintly brownish from handling, narrowing upward, flaring at apex, with white pulverulence in upper part, with surface breaking up into fibrils, with fibrils usually becoming very dark (nearly black) from handling and exposure, sometimes long remaining white, with fibrils sometimes in chevrons; context white to pale creamy white, sometimes becoming faintly grayish with age, with larval tunnels concolorous when present, entirely hollow or hollow below and stuffed above, with central cylinder 5.5 - 7.5 mm wide containing sublongitudinally oriented white cottony fibrils; exannulate; universal veil in loose friable patches and horizontal bands, with those at base (within substrate) white, with highest point of volval fragment on stem 32 - 61 mm from stipe base, sometimes distributed as high as above stipe mid-point and then pale gray to gray to nearly black, often as dark gray to nearly black ring above white, "strangulate" zone, with white cupulate remant covering absolute bottom of stipe.

odor/taste

protolog: Odor and taste not distinctive.

Lamoureux (2006): Odor indistinct. Taste not recorded.

RET: Odor none or indistinct. Taste not recorded.

macrochemical
tests

protolog: none reported.

RET: paracresol spot test for tyrosinase - postive throughout basidiome 6 min. after reagent application. syringaldazine spot test for laccase - negative throughout basidiome. Test vouchers: Tulloss 8-9-7-C, 8-30-98-C.

pileipellis

protolog: filamentous hyphae 4–12 μm wide interwovenl gelatinised, brown; inflated cells 45–100 × 8–22 μm, as plentiful as hyphae, often in chains; vascular hyphae infrequent, 4–7.5 μm wide. [Note: This is an unusual structure for an Amanita species of section Vaginatae and should be reviewed.—ed.]

pileus context

protolog: filamentous hyphae 4–12 μm wide, with some segments partially inflated; acrophysalides 70–170 × 15–30 μm, cylindrical to clavate, often in chains with cells of similar width; vascular hyphae 4–8.5 μm, branching, occasional and widely distributed..

RET: filamentous undifferentiated hyphae ?? μm wide, ??; acrophysalides ??; vascular hyphae rather common, 2.5 - 4.0 μm wide; clamps ??.

lamella trama

protolog: bilateral; filamentous undifferentiated hyphae 3–6 μm wide; inflated cells cylindro-clavate to clavate to fusiform to subfusiform, 40–65 × 7–18 μm, abundant; vascular hyphae 3–6 μm wide, sinuous, rare.

RET: bilateral, divergent.

subhymenium

protolog: inflated cells irregularly globose to subglobose, 9–18 × 6–9 μm.

basidia

protolog: (50-) 60–75 × 14–16 (-18) μm, clavate, usually 4-stergimate with sterigmata 4–6 μm long, occasionally 2-sterigmate with 5–10 μm long sterigmata; clampless.

RET: 46 - 73 × 9.9 - 18.5 μm, usually 4-sterigmate, occasionally 2-sterigmate in material just starting sporulation (with 2-sterigmate basidia often among broadest), with sterigmate up to 8.0 %times; 3.0 μm, with basidia arising from inflated cells and ??; clamps not observed.

universal veil

protolog: filamentous branching hyphae 3 - 7 μm wide, short[?]; inflated cells 25 - 50 μm wide, terminal, globose, infrequently subglobose, numerous; vascular hyphae rare to absent.

stipe context

protolog: filamentous hyphae 3–5 μm wide, branching; acrophysalides 120–360 × 20–50 μm, dominating, cylindrical, in chains [?] [at and near stipe surface 40–180 (-270) × (16-) 20–30 (-35) μm arising singly from 4–6 μm wide filamentous hyphae with gray-pigment-encrusted walls]; vascular hyphae 4-7 μm wide near apex and 5-23 μm wide at mid-stipe. [Note: In our experience, acrophysalides are terminal cells except in the stipes of early divergent taxa such as those in Amanita {subgenus Lepidella} subect. Vittadiniae; hence, this description should be revised.]

RET: longitudinally acrophysalidic.

partial veil

absent.

lamella edge tissue

protolog: not described.

RET: sterile.

anatomical figures

basidiospores

send to graphing tool

protolog: [474/11/10] (8.4-) 9.5 - 11.7 (-14.5) × (7.9-) 9.0 – 11.1 (-13.7) μm, (Q = 1.0 – 1.1 (-1.2), Q' = 1.05), hyaline, smooth, inamyloid, cyanophilous, globose to subglobose; apiculus not described; contents monoguttulate; color in depost not recorded.

Lamoureux (2006): 9.5 - 12.0 × 10.5 -11.5 μm, globose, inamyloid .

RET: [80/4/4] (9.3-) 9.6 - 12.0 (-12.2) × (8.5-) 9.0 - 11.0 (-12.0) µm, (L = 10.0 - 11.3 µm; L’ = 10.7 µm; W = 9.4 - 10.5 µm; W’ = 10.0 µm; Q = (1.02-) 1.04 - 1.12 (-1.14); Q = 1.05 - 1.08; Q’ = 1.06), hyaline, colorless, thin-walled, smooth, inamyloid, globose to subglobose, adaxially flattened; apiculus sublateral, cylindric, prominent (up to 1.6 × 2.3 µm); contents monoguttulate with numerous small additional granules or (infrequently) multiguttulate; white in deposit.

ecology

protolog: In mountains, close to stand of Betula papyrifera in Abies balsamea and Tsuga canadensis forest.

Lamoureux (2006): Under broadleaved trees. ofen in mixed forests including Abies, Betula, Birch, Fagus, Populus, and Tsuga canadensis. July to September. Occasional.

RET: Solitary to subgregarious. Connecticut: In deciduous woods. Maine: At 56 m elev. In Pinus-Quercus forest or with Tsuga canadensis, Pinus strobus, and Betula. New Jersey: At 16 m elev. In dark sandy loam with Quercus spp 2 -3 days after rain. Pennsylvania: At 235 - 600 m elev. In mixed woods including Fagus grandifolia, T. canadensis, Acer, Betula, Fraxinus, etc. West Virginia: At [990 -] 1220 m elev. In wet loam of mixed forest including T. canadensis, F. grandifolia, Picea rubens, Betula, Acer, etc.

material examined

protolog: CANADA: ONTARIO: Algonquin Provincial Park, 29.ix.2007 M. Didukh and B. Dentinger (paratype, TRTC156853, Genbank MG734659). QUÉBEC—Grondines, Highway 40, 19.viii.2011 Renée Lebeuf (paratype, HRL0804, Genbank MG734664). Lac-Beauport, 12.vii.2008 H.Lambert (paratype, HL016). Lac-Beauport, Chemin de la Chapelle, 11.viii.2006 J. Labrecque (paratype, CMMF008929), 29.vii.2007 J. Labrecque (paratype, CMMF009640, Genbank MG734662), 29.vii.2007 J. Labrecque (CMMF009640, Genbank MG734662). Lac-Beauport, Lac Neigette nord, 24.vii.2007 J. Labrecque (paratype, CMMF009600). Mont Orford [45.3119° N/ 72.2400° W, 838 m], 11.vii.1994 (holotype, CMMF002171). Québec, Base de plein air La Découverte, 10.vii.2010 H. Lambert (paratype, HL0787); 7.vii.2013 H. Lambert (paratype, HL022). Québec, Boisé de l’aéroport, 4.viii.2007 R. Labbé (paratype, RLA30465); 15.vii.2006 R. Labbé (paratype,RLA30063). Québec, Château-Bigot, 21.is.2014 H. Lambert (HL049, Genbank MG734661), 21.ixz.2014 H. Lambert (paratype, HL049, Genbank MG734661), 21.ix.2014 H. Lambert (paratype, HL048, Genbank MG734663). Saint-Raymond, Lac Sept-Iles, 27.ix.2014 R. Lebeuf (paratype, HRL1876, Genbank MG734658). Sainte-Catherine-de-la-Jacques-Cartier, Station touristique Duchesnay (sentier 51), 7.vii.2012 H. Lambert (paratype, HL002).

RET: NOTE: Only material for which DNA has been sequenced are considered confirmed to belong in the present species. Sequencing status is provided after the herbarium accession number for a given collection. An example: "(RET 505-6, nrITS seq'd.)."

CANADA: QUÉBEC—Argenteuil - Grenville-sur-la-Rouge, 17 des Frènes, 20.vii.2009 Christiane & Michel Corbeil s.n. (RET 505-6, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.). U.S.A.: CONNECTICUT—New London Co. - Colchester, Day Pond St. Pk. [41.5569° N/ 72.4183° W, 134 m], 24.viii.2007 Jeff Miller s.n. [Tulloss 8-24-07-J] (RET 440-4, nrITS); Mystic, ca. Mystic Seaport, Pequot Woods Pk., 1.viii.2015 NEMF2015 participant s.n. [Tulloss 8-1-15-C] (RET 703-3, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.). Middlesex Co. - Salmon River St. Pk. (northern segment), 23.viii.2008 W. Yule s.n. [Tulloss 8-23-08-D] (RET 421-1, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.). FLORIDA—Hendry Co. - Okaloacoochee Slough St. For. [26.56625° N/ 81.31205° W, 9 m], 20.ix.2014 Ben Dion s.n. (RET 652-7, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.). MAINE—Cumberland Co. - Brunswick, Bowdoin College, campus, 7.viii.2014 Igor Safonov s.n. [Tulloss 8-7-14-A] (RET 626-6,nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.), 9.viii.2014 M. Bynum s.n. [Tulloss 8-9-14-C] (RET 627-10, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.); Pownal, Bradbury Mtn. St. Pk., 9.viii.2014 Lynn Jones s.n. [Tulloss 8-9-14-B] (RET 627-8, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.). Lincoln Co. - Fowles Rd. aka Old Indian Rd., over wall from Gottlieb graveyard, 27.viii.1994 Martha Gottlieb s.n. (RET 686-4, nrITS seq'd.). Sagadahoc Co. - Georgetown, Reid St. Pk., 8.viii.2014 David Wasilewski s.n. [Tulloss 8-8-14-K] (RET 625-9, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd), [Tulloss 8-8-14-M] (RET 626-10, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.); Phippsburg, Center Pond Preserve, 8.viii.2014 G. Davis s.n. [Tulloss 8-8-14-D] (RET 626-8, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.), 9.viii.2014 Connie Borodenko s.n. [Tulloss 8-9-14-D] (RET 627-2, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.). Waldo Co. - Searsport, Sears Isl. [44° 26' 35" N/ 68° 52' 39" W, ca. 45 m], 4.iv.2007 J. Dawson s.n. [Tulloss 8-10-07-B] (RET 409-10, nrITS seq'd.). York Co. - Kennebunk, Kennebunk Plains Wildlife Mgmt. Area [43.4058° N/ 70.6211° W, 56 m], 4.vii.2014 Linas Kudzma LVK14046 (RET 657-7, nrITS seq'd.), 10.vii.2014 L. V. Kudzma LVK14071 (RET 657-2, nrITS seq'd.); unkn. loc., 25.viii.2009 Herbert Baker s.n. [mushroomobserver #24730] (RET 449-2, nrITS seq'd.). MASSACHUSETTS—Worcester Co. - Worcester, Broad Meadow Brook Wildlife Sanctuary [42°14'29" N/ 71°46'46" W, 153 m], 13.viii.1993 Joe Arnold s.n. [Tulloss 8-13-93-A] (RET 095-8, nrITS seq'd.). MINNESOTA—Beltrami Co. - Chippewa Nat. For., Forest Tr. 3862 (Rt. 39), 25.viii.1995 D. J. McLaughlin s.n. [Tulloss 8-25-95-C] (RET 156-5). NEW JERSEY—Burlington Co. - Brendan T. Byrne St. Pk. (formerly Lebanon St. For.), 7.ix.1986 R. E. Tulloss 9-7-86-E (RET 117-3). Mercer Co. - Hopewell Twp., off Carter Road, woods behind AT&T/Lucent research labs [40°21’39” N/ 74°43’29” W, 63 m], 22.vi.1981 R. E. Tulloss 6-22-81-C (RET 167-5), 16.vii.1982 R. E. Tulloss 7-16-82-F (RET 217-4); Washington's Crossing St. Pk., 1.vii.1984 M. A. King & D. C., M. H., & R. E. Tulloss [Tulloss 7-1-84-D] (RET 057-5). Middlesex Co. - Jamesburg, Jamesburg Twp. Pk., ca. Helmetta Pond [40.3853° N/ 74.43° W, 18 m], 29.vii.1984 R. E. Tulloss 7-29-84-I (RET 231-1), 4.viii.1990 Geoffrey G. Kibby s.n. [Tulloss 8-4-90-K] (RET 147-2), 17.vii.1991 R. E. Tulloss 7-17-91-A (RET 010-4, nrITS seq'd.). Monmouth Co. - Shark River Co. Pk. [40.205° N/ 74.0956° W, 16 m], 30.ix.1984 participant RET birthday foray s.n. [Tulloss 9-30-84-C] (RET 233-2), 9.viii.1987 NJMA foray participant s.n. [Tulloss 8-9-87-C] (RET 181-3, nrITS seq'd.), 7.vii.1991 Mary A. King s.n. [Tulloss 7-7-91-D] (RET 003-5), 30.viii.1998 C. Conover, S. E. K. & R. E. Tulloss [Tulloss] 8-30-98-C (RET 286-10, nrITS seq'd.). Morris Co. - Mendham, Meadowood Twp. Pk. [40°47'31" N/ 74°38'43" W, 214 m], Mary A. King & R. E. Tulloss [Tulloss 7-28-84-F] (RET 051-4). Warren Co. - Stephens St. Pk., ca. lower picnic area [40°52’22” N/ 74°48’31” W], 4.viii.1996 NJMA foray participant s.n. [Tulloss 8-4-86-K] (RET 228-9). NEW YORK—Franklin Co. - Floodwood Mtn. Rd. [44.3476° N/ 74.4424° W, 501 m], 12.viii.2011 Susan Rose s.n. [Tulloss 8-12-11-A] (RET 479-4, nrLSU seq'd.), Adam Singer s.n. [Tulloss 8-12-11-E] (RET 480-9, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.); Paul Smith's College campus [44°26'02" N/ 74°15'06" W, 500 m],12.viii.2011 S. Ruck s.n. [Tulloss 8-12-11-G] (RET 480-4, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.). Ulster Co. - Wawarsing, Minnewaska St. Pk. [ca. 41°44’53” N/ 74°19’40” W, 175-250 m], 24.ix.2010 Jason Karakenian s.n. [Tulloss 9-24-10-F] (RET 585-10, nrITS seq'd.), Patricia McNaught s.n. [Tulloss 9-24-10-G] (RET 484-10, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.). Unkn. Co. - unkn. loc. in Ulster or Sullivan Co., 19.viii.1994 Stickel s.n. [Tulloss 8-19-94-B] (RET 129-6). NORTH CAROLINA—Dare Co. - Hatteras Isl., N of Frisco, 17.vii.1981 David C. & R. E. Tulloss 7-17-81-G (RET 170-7). PENNSYLVANIA—Carbon Co. - Hickory Run St. Pk. [41.0333° N/ 75.6920° W, 400-500 m], 11.vii.2014 David Wasilewski s.n. [mushroomobserver #169734] (RET 644-10, nrITS seq'd.), 26.vii.2014 D. Wasilewski s.n. [mushroomobserver #171546] (RET 652-10, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.). Lackawanna Co. - ca. Thornhurst, Lackawanna St. For., 26.vi.2015 David Wasilewski s.n.[mushroomobserver #207982] (RET 709-9, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.). Luzerne Co. - Ricketts Glen St. Pk. [41.3036° N/ 76.2740° W, 400-600 m], 7.ix.2014 D. Wasilewski s.n. [mushroomobserver #177310] (RET 652-5, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.), s.n. [mushroomobserver #177311] (RET 652-9, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.), 30.viii.2014 D. Wasilewskit s.n. [mushroomobserver #175754] (RET 655-8, nrITS-LSU seq'd.); Seven Tubs Natural Area [41.2334° N/ 75.8131° W, 300-350 m], 27.vi.2014 D. Wasilewski s.n. [mushroomobserver #168805] (RET 643-6, nrITS seq'd.), [mushroomobserver #168803] (RET 644-4, nrITS seq'd.), [mushroomobserver #168805] (RET 644-6, nrITS seq'd.), 24.vii.2014 D. Wasilewski s.n. [mushroomobserver #171125] (RET 643-1, nrITS seq'd.), [mushroomobserver #171126] (RET 644-8), 2.viii.2014 D. Wasilewski s.n. [mushroomobserver #172425] (RET 652-4, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.). McKean Co. - Kinuza Valley Tr., 23.vi.2015 Garrett Taylor s.n. [mushroomobserver #207509] (RET 695-2, nrITS seq'd.) Pike Co. - Dingman's Ferry, Pocono Environmental Education Ctr. [41°10'17" N/ 74°54'52" W, 235 m], 20.vi.1981 Mary A. King & R. E. Tulloss 6-20-81-C (RET 175-2), 24.vi.1989 NJMA foray participant s.n. [Tulloss 6-24-89-A] (RET 247-8). SOUTH CAROLINA—Oconee Co. - Seneca [34°46'09" N/ 82°57'55" W, 263 m], 28.xi.1985 R. E. Tulloss 11-28-85-C (RET 130-7). TENNESSEE—Sevier Co. - ca. Gatlinburg, GSMNP, Fork Ridge trailhead [35.590° N/ 83.6167° W, 1760 m], 13.vii.2004 L. L. Norvell LLN2040713-01 (RET 376-8, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.) TEXAS—Hardin Co. - Big Thicket Nat. Preserve, Jack Gore Baygall Unit, 16 km N of Silsbee [30.46° N/ 94.173° W], 10.vi.2000 G. M. Mueller s.n. [Tulloss 6-10-00-G] (RET 313-3, nrITS seq'd.). VERMONT—Bennington Co. - ca. Bennington, 29.viii.1981 NEMF1981 participant s.n. [Tulloss 8-29-81-E] (RET 166-6). VIRGINIA—Unkn. Co. - Shenandoah Nat. Pk., ca. Old Rag Rd., Canyon Tr. M.P., s.d. "DH" 101 (LFCC; RET 143-10). WEST VIRGINIA—Berkeley Co. - Hedgeville, “Sleepy Hollow,” 1.viii.1976 U. Weiss s.n. (BPI 14460B). Tucker Co. - Canaan Valley St. Pk., Abe Run Tr. ca. E terminus & jct. w/ Deer Run Tr. [3939.0158° N/ 79.4636° W, 990 m], 25.vi.1996 R. E. Tulloss 6-25-96-A (RET 181-8, nrITS seq'd.); McGowan Mtn. Rd., 18.ix.1992 Dr. R. P. Bhatt & Dr. A. Kumar FMR-3A (FWVA, as "A. cecileae"; RET 126-2, nrITS seq'd.). WISCONSIN—Oneida Co. - Enterprise Hemlock St. Natural Area #608 [45.5484° N/ 89.3004° W, 524 m], 7.viii.2018 Alden Dirks s.n. [mushroomoberver #326440] (RET 841-8, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.).

discussion

The protolog only used comparison of nrITS sequences to distinguish the present species from others. The authors have failed to address the issue of whether there are previously described taxa for which not sequences have been derived. Since it is probable that this matter can be laid to rest, it should be addressed and a thorough argument for novelty should written.

t.b.d.

The name rhacopus was intended to refer to the dark fibers sometimes seen on the stipe of this species. Unfortunately, Amanita texasorora has a range overlapping that of A. rhacopus, has a range of cap color very similar to that of the present species, and sometimes has dark fibrils on the stipe. At present, RET uses DNA sequences to segregate the taxa. From the range data we have collected, the two species are most likely to be distinguishable in the field only at opposite ends of the apparently shared range. Amanita rhacopus is much more common in the northern end of its range (e.g., in Québec and Maine) while A. texasorora is much more common in the southern end of its range (e.g., in Texas).

The following figures compare the spore data of the present species with those of A. ceciliae (a European species of which the name has been extensively misapplied outside Europe) and A. sororcula.

The reader may also wish to refer to two somewhat morphologically similar taxa with ranges apparently significantly overlapping the geographical range of A. rhacopus—A. pakimpondensis, A. sp-N59, A. sp-N61 (not well known, apparently with a thinner less manifestly felted universal veil), A. sp-QUE03, A. texasorora, and A. sp-V03. Preliminary nrITS sequence results suggest that these two taxa are genetically distinct from each other and that both are genetically distinct from A. rhacopus. Morphologically, A. sp-QUE03 is closer to the taxa such as A. sinicoflava that do not have a darkening ring of universal veil limbus internus on the lower stipe above a strangulate zone as the present species has.

The code number, "A. sp-N61," was previously applied to this species.

citations

—R. E. Tulloss and Y. Lamoureux

editors

RET

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Spore data for collections
provisionally identified as: Amanita rhacopus Lamoureux ex Lamoureux in Lambert et al.

Spore data sets and their composite

Each spore data set is intended to comprise a set of measurements from a single specimen made by a single observer; and explanations prepared for this site talk about specimen-observer pairs associated with each data set. Combining more data into a single data set is non-optimal because it obscures observer differences (which may be valuable for instructional purposes, for example) and may obscure instances in which a single collection inadvertently contains a mixture of taxa.

basidiospore definition

Spore Measurements by Collection

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