name | Amanita pantherina var. pantherina |
name status | nomen acceptum |
author | (DC. : Fr.) Krombh. |
english name | "European Panther" |
images | |
intro |
The following is based on a description by Neville and Poumarat (2004) and data from RET. |
cap |
The cap of Amanita pantherina is 37 - 110 mm wide, deep brown or brown-bistre to brown to hazel-brown to pale ochraceous brown, hemispheric at first, then convex to plano-convex, finally planar, viscid and shiny when wet, quickly drying, with a short striate margin (10 - 15% of the radius), nonappendiculate, inflexed at first, then decurved. The volva is present as densely distributed warts, pure white to cream to sordid cream, minutely verruculose, floccose, easily removable. The flesh is white, unchanging when cut or bruised, 6 - 8 mm thick above the stem, thinning evenly toward margin, leaving only a membrane for last few millimeters. |
gills |
The gills are free to remote, close to crowded, white becoming grayish slowly, 7 - 10 mm broad, without a decurrent line on the top of the stem, with a floccose edge. The short gills are truncate. |
stem |
The stem is 50 - 140 × 6 - 20 mm, subcyclindric, somewhat narrowing upward, white, becoming slightly tannish in age, finely floccose becoming smooth above the ring, and with small appressed squamules or creamy floccose material or sometimes rings of such material on the stem above the bulb below the ring. The bulb is 22 - 30 mm wide, round as an onion to ovoid to subfusiform. The ring is placed rather low on the stem (lower than most other European amanitas from section Amanita), membranous, white, quickly collapsing on the stem, usually nonstriate on the upper surface, flaring upward. The volva is white, becoming gray with age, easily broken, and forming at least one ring on the joint of the stem and bulb which is sometimes described as like a rolled sock. The flesh is white, unchanging when cut or bruised, stuffed then hollow. |
spores |
The spores measure (7.5-) 8.5 - 11.7 (-14.0) × (4.9-) 6.2 - 8.1 (-9.8) µm and are broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, occasionally elongate, very rarely cylindric, and inamyloid. Clamps are absent at bases of basidia. Spores measured by Neville and Poumarat (2004) are as follows: (7.5-) 8 - 11.2 (-12) × (5-) 5.5 - 8.5 µm and are broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid to elongate, infrequently globose. |
discussion |
This species was originally described from France and can be found under oaks (Quercus), chestnuts (Castanea sativa), and conifers. Neville and Poumarat site a reference reporting the present species with Helianthemum (H. nummularium or H. grandiflorum) in subalpine habitat. The original description is based on both French and German material. It is a species of Europe and western Asia. Material described as A. pantherina in the Americas seems to belong to a number of distinct taxa only some of which have been described: A. multisquamosa Peck, A. pantherina var. pantherinoides (Murrill) Dav. T. Jenkins, and A. velatipes G. F. Atk. are examples. There are also a number of taxa in eastern and southern Asia to which the name A. pantherina has been mistakenly applied. Among these mushrooms there are some which have been described formally or provisionally (such as A. subglobosa Zhu L. Yang, A. parvipanthera Zhu L. Yang, M. Weiss & Oberw., and A. pseudopantherina Zhu L. Yang nom. prov.), while others are not yet treated in the literature. I believe that there is at least one good icon of this mushroom in the collection at the University of Montpellier herbarium. It may date from the period when DeCandolle was on the faculty. [I would appreciate receiving more information on the artwork.] The species is toxic and produces dramatic symptoms similar to those of A. muscaria (L. : Fr.) Lam.—R. E. Tulloss |
brief editors | RET |
name | Amanita pantherina var. pantherina | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
author | (DC. : Fr.) Krombh. 1836. Naturgetreue Abbild. Essbar. Schädl. Undverd. Schwäm. 4: 24, pl. 29 (figs. 10-13). [Figure numbers per Neville and Poumarat (2004: 398).] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
name status | nomen acceptum | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
english name | "European Panther" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
synonyms |
≡Agaricus pantherinus DC. 1815. Fl. Franc. 6: 52.
≡Agaricus pantherina DC. : Fr. 1821. Syst. Mycol. 1: 17.
≡Amanita pantherina (DC. : Fr.) Gillet. 1884 (February). Tabl. Anal. Hyménomyc.: 7. [Superfluous combination.]
≡Venenarius pantherinus (DC. : Fr.) Murrill. 1913. Mycologia 5: 80.
≡Amanitaria pantherina (DC. : Fr.) E.-J. Gilbert. 1940. Iconogr. Mycol. (Milan) 27, suppl. (1): 77, tab. (fig. 1-4).
??Agaricus panthere Pers. ex Sart. 1914. Champ. Vénén.: ??.
non Amanita pantherina sensu Cleland & Cheel. 1914. Agric. Gaz. N. S. Wales 25(10): 887, pl. 1, f. 1-2.
=Agaricus maculatus Schaeff. nom. inval. 1774. Fung. Bavar. Palatin. Ratisbon. Nascunt. Icones 4: 39. [Ref. pl. 90 in vol. 1 (1762). ??Devalidated name.??]
≡Amanita umbrina Pers. 1797. Tentam. Disp. Meth. Fung.: 67. [Superfluous name. Diverse combinations have been made as subspecific taxa in A. muscaria due to an original error of Fries—Agaricus muscarius var. umbrinus.]
=Agaricus muscarius var. umbrinus (Secr. ex Fr.) Fr. sensu Fr. 1838. Epicr.: 5. [Misapplication.] [In this and later publications, Fries cited two different numbers for Secretan’s number for Amanita umbrina. Both are incorrect. Saccardo corrected these errors (see below).]
≡Amanita muscaria var. umbrina (Secr. ex Fr.) Sacc. sensu Fr. 1887. Syll. Fung. 5: 13. [Misapplication.]
≡Amanita muscaria f. umbrina (Secr. ex Fr.) E.-J. Gilbert sensu Fr. 1918. Gen. Amanita Pers.: 84. [Misapplication.]
≡Amanita muscaria f. umbrina (Secr. ex Fr.) Veselý sensu Fr. 1934b. Atl. Champ. Eur.: 31. [Misapplication.]
≡Amanita muscaria subsp. umbrina (Secr. ex Fr.) R. Schulz sensu R. Schulz. 1921. Pilz Krauterfreund 4(10): 229. [Misapplication.]
≡Amanita muscaria subsp. umbrina f. eu-umbrina R. Schulz nom. illeg. 1921. Pilz Kräuterfreund 4(10): 229. [Misapplication. Name of forma is avowed replacement for autonym. ICBN §11.6, §32.7] [The rank is not clearly specified, but in the key at the end of the article the taxa are called Formen of Amanita muscaria subsp. umbrina.]
≡Amanita regalis f. umbrina (Secr. ex Fr.) Neville & Poumarat sensu Fr. 2002 ["2001"]. Bull. Trimestriel Soc. Mycol. France 117(4): 324. [Misapplication.]
≡Agaricus ruderatis Batsch. 1783. Elench. Fung.: col. 59, no. 52.
[Note: For additional synonymy see the Amanita Nomenclator (t.b.d.).] The editors of this site owe a great debt to Dr. Cornelis Bas whose famous cigar box files of Amanita nomenclatural information gathered over three or more decades were made available to RET for computerization and make up the lion's share of the nomenclatural information presented on this site. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
etymology | See Amanita Nomenclator (t.b.d.) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
MycoBank nos. | 156565, 452881, 284093, 490284, 490385, 495422, 480033, 480028 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GenBank nos. |
Due to delays in data processing at GenBank, some accession numbers may lead to unreleased (pending) pages.
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lectotypes | Agaricus pantherinus DC : Fr.—Schaeff. 1762. Ibid.: pl. 90 (figs. 2 and 3) [Other figures in the same plate are explicitly excluded.] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
lectotypifications | Agaricus pantherinus DC : Fr.—Neville and Poumarat. 2004. Fungi Europaei 9: 399. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
intro |
Olive text indicates a specimen that has not been
thoroughly examined (for example, for microscopic details) and marks other places in the text
where data is missing or uncertain. The following material is based on original research by R. E. Tulloss except where noted otherwise. NOTE: Spore measurements from papers by Z. L. Yang use his "Times New Roman" face for "Q" and "Q'"—respectively, " | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
pileus | (37–) 50–120 mm wide, pale creamy tan to deep brown, hemispheric at first, then convex, finally plano-convex, viscid, dull; context white, unchanging when cut or bruised, 6–7 mm thick at stipe, thinning evenly toward margin, membranous for last few mm; margin short striate (0.1–0.15R), nonappendiculate, inflexed at first, then decurved; universal veil as densely distributed warts, cream to sordid cream, not changing dramatically on exposure, minutely verruculose, floccose, detersile. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
lamellae | free to remote without decurrent line on stipe apex, close, whitish in mass, white in side view, 7–10 mm broad; lamellulae truncate. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
stipe | 50–150 × 10–30 mm, white, becoming slightly tannish in age, with surface shaggy (even above partial veil except for appressed pulverulence at apex), sometimes with surface cracking and forming recurved or curved scales; bulb up to 21± mm long, ovoid to subfusiform; context white, unchanging when cut or bruised, stuffed to hollow, with central cylinder 2± mm in diameter, concolorous or watery pale tan in larva tunnels; partial veil supra- to submedian, membranous, white, double-edged, flaring upward or pendent; universal veil as cothurnate ring near top of bulb, white or whitish, rather thick. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
odor/taste | Odor indistinct. Taste not recorded. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
macrochemical tests |
Spot test for laccase (syringaldazine) - negative throughout in young, mature, and old basidiomes. Spot test for tyrosinase (paracresol) - in immature basidiome, positive under pileipellis, on edge of lamellae, in bulb and universal veil on bulb, on surface of stipe above bulb (negative elsewhere); in mature (but not old) basidiome, positive in pileus context below pileipellis and in disc, otherwise as in immature specimen; in old basidiome, positive throughout in 10 min. Test voucher: Tulloss 9-19-87-A. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
pileipellis | 75–115 µm thick, orange-brown, gelatinizing and paler at the surface; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 1.0–5.8 µm wide, branching, densely interwoven, subradially arranged; vascular hyphae not observed. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
pileus context | filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 1.5–7.5 µm wide, branching, plentiful, with slightly thickened walls, often in fascicles, sometimes with yellowish walls; acrophysalides plentiful to dominating, with walls slightly thickened or up to 0.8± µm thick, elongate to clavate to narrowly ellipsoid to subfusiform, sometimes slightly constricted, up to 104 × 40 µm or more; vascular hyphae not observed. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
lamella trama | bilateral, with subhymenial base composed of ovoid to clavate to narrowly clavate to elongate intercalary inflated cells (up to 74 × 29 µm and often with slightly thickened walls) and partially inflated hyphal segments at very shallow angle to (or with longest dimension parallel to) central stratum and in one to two layers; wcs = 35–50 µm; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 1.5–10.0 µm wide, with segments of largest diameter narrowly subventricose to narrowly clavate and markedly narrowing at septa, with some of larger diameter having slightly thickened walls; terminal, inflated cells not observed; vascular hyphae 3.8–5.5 µm wide, scattered, only present in occasional sections. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
subhymenium | wst-near = 10–25 µm; wst-far = 25–50 µm; uninflated to partially inflated to inflated short hyphal segments mixed with occasional small inflated cells (e.g., clavate or irregular), often giving impression of being pseudoparenchymatous, with elements immediately below basidia predominantly with major diameter (inflated cells) or length (hyphal segment) perpendicular to central stratum. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
basidia | 33–55 × 6.0–11.8 µm, thin-walled, 4- and, occasionally, 2- or 1-sterigmate, with sterigmata up to 6.5 × 2.5 µm; clamps not observed. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
universal veil | On pileus: with all elements collapsing and becoming partially gelatinized; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 2.2–8.0 µm wide, frequently branching, without apparent dominant orientation, plentiful to locally dominant, sometimes in fascicles, with slightly thickened walls (up to 0.5 µm thick); inflated cells terminal, singly or in chains of up to 3 (some with vertical orientation, vast majority disordered), becoming dissociated, plentiful to locally dominant, colorless to very pale brownish gray in button specimens, with walls up to 1.0 µm thick, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid to ovoid (up to 62 × 46 µm), clavate to broadly fusiform to cylindric (up to 91 × 41 µm); vascular hyphae 2.0–16.0 µm wide, plentiful, branching, with knobby outline. On stipe base: elements without dominant orientation; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 1.8–10.2 µm wide, with slightly thickened walls (up to 0.5 µm thick), frequently branching, often densely interwoven, occasionally coiling, in fascicles or singly, plentiful, locally dominating, sometimes with yellowish walls; inflated cells hyaline, colorless, terminal, apparently not in chains, subcylindric to subfusiform-rostrate (up to 57 × 17.5 µm), ellipsoid (up to 79 × 49 µm), subglobose to globose (up to 56 × 56 µm), plentiful, locally dominating, with walls up to 1.0 µm thick; vascular hyphae not observed. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
stipe context | longitudinally acrophysalidic; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 1.5–10.5 µm wide, branching, occasionally with slightly thickened walls, occasionally with yellowish walls, occasionally with narrowly clavate to narrowly fusiform intercalary cells; acrophysalides dominating away from surface, up to 295 × 43 µm, with walls thin or up to 1.0 µm thick, rarely having uninflated hyphal side branch (arising without septum); vascular hyphae not observed. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
partial veil | filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 1.0–11.0 µm wide, frequently branching, plentiful and frequently dominating, often in fascicles, with fascicles and single hyphae interwoven or tangled and dominantly subradially oriented, with those of largest diameter often having walls up to 0.5 µm thick, occasionally with yellowish walls, with occasional narrowly fusiform intercalary segment; inflated cells terminal singly, plentiful to locally dominant, broadly clavate to narrowly clavate to narrowly fusiform, sometimes rostrate, sometimes with bud-like branch, up to 144 × 25 µm, with walls up to 0.8 µm thick, rarely with yellowish walls; vascular hyphae 3.5–12.5 µm wide, absent in some mounts, locally common. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
lamella edge tissue | not described. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
basidiospores |
Yang (1997): [120/6/1] (8.5-) 9.0 - 11.0 (-12.0)
× (6.0-) 6.5 - 8.5 (-9.0) μm, ( composite data from all material revised by RET: [340/17/10] (7.5–) 8.5–11.7 (–14.0) × (4.9–) 6.2–8.1 (–9.8) µm, (L = (9.4–) 9.5–11.2 (–11.3) µm; L’ = 10.2 µm; W = (6.6–) 6.7–7.7 (–8.0) µm; W’ = 7.2 µm; Q = (1.20–) 1.27–1.60 (–2.04); Q = (1.32–) 1.34–1.51 (–1.61); Q’ = 1.42), hyaline, colorless, smooth, thin-walled, inamyloid, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, occasionally elongate, adaxially flattened; apiculus sublateral, cylindric to truncate conic; contents mono- or multiguttulate, often with additional finer granules; white in deposit (e.g., Breitenbach and Kränzlin 1995:150). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ecology | Subgregarious. Czech Republic: With Fagus sylvatica L. or under Carpinus, Corylus, and Pinus or with Picea abies (L.) Karst. or with Quercus. France: Under Quercus ilex L. Netherlands: Under F. sylvatica in moss on damp, dark, loamy sand during unusually wet summer or under F. sylvatica in dark alluvial soil. Switzerland: At 500–550 m elev., under Fagus, Abies, and Quercus or in F. sylvatica forest. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
material examined |
Yang (1997): NETHERLANDS:
ZUID HOLLAND—Wassenaar, 2.ix.1979 Dr.
Cornelis Bas 7474 (L). RET: CZECH REPUBLIC: CENTRAL BOHEMIAN REGION—Český Šternberk, 29.viii.2006 Dr. Jan Borovička 15 (RET 405-6), 19 (RET 405-1); Malovidy,15.vii.2006 J. Borovička 6 (RET 403-2), 7 (RET 403-6); Štěchovice, 10.vi.2006 J Borovička 1 (RET 403-8, nrITS). PRAGUE—Velká Chuchle, 16.vi.2009 J. Borovička BORE 36 (HKAS; RET 455-2). FRANCE: BOUCHES-DU-RHÔNE—ca. St-Rémy-de- Provence, Mazot de Romanin, 26.x.1979 M. Moser 79/693 (IB). NETHERLANDS: NOORD HOLLAND— Castricum, Geversduin, 12.ix.1953 C. Bas s.n. (L 9952 18). UTRECHT—Zeist, Driebergen, de Laan van Beverweert, 23.ix.1989 C. Bas & R. E. Tulloss [Tulloss 9-23-89-A] (RET 039-2, nrITS seq'd.). ZUID HOLLAND—Leiden, Hortus Botanicus, 25.vii.1952 C. Bas 102 (L 951.152-254). Voorschoten, Beethovenlaan, 18-20.ix.2000 C. Bas 9585 (L; RET 379-6); Wassenaar, 19.ix.1987 C. Bas & R. E. Tulloss [Tulloss 9-19-87-A] (RET 020-5). NORWAY: ØSTFOLD—Moss, Jeløy, Alby, 28.ix.1975 A.-E. Torkelsen 487/75 (O 53792). SOUTH AFRICA: UNKN.—Unkn., | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
discussion |
(t.b.d.) Moser 79/693 is illustrated by Moser and Jülich (1988) in a color photograph. Bächler 0908-76 BA is illustrated in a color photograph by Breitenbach and Kränzlin (1995). Borovička 1 is immature.
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citations | —R. E. Tulloss | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
editors | RET | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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name | Amanita pantherina var. pantherina |
bottom links |
[ Keys & Checklists ] |
name | Amanita pantherina var. pantherina |
bottom links |
[ Keys & Checklists ] |
Each spore data set is intended to comprise a set of measurements from a single specimen made by a single observer; and explanations prepared for this site talk about specimen-observer pairs associated with each data set. Combining more data into a single data set is non-optimal because it obscures observer differences (which may be valuable for instructional purposes, for example) and may obscure instances in which a single collection inadvertently contains a mixture of taxa.