Amanita mappa - Amanitaceae.org - Taxonomy and Morphology of Amanita and Limacella

[print] [map]

name	Amanita mappa
name status	nomen acceptum
author	(Batsch) Fr.
english name	"Citrin Bulbous Amanita"
synonyms	≡Amanita citrina (Schaeff.) Pers. =Amanita bulbosa (Schaeff.) Lam.
images	1. Amanita mappa, England. 2. Amanita mappa (white variant), Scotland, U.K. 3. Amanita mappa (white variant), Italy. 4. Amanita mappa (white variant), Italy. 5. Amanita mappa (white varianta), Italy.
intro	This page is being rebuilt. Please be patient. The following is based on the description by Neville and Poumarat (2004) and data from RET (based on field notes concerning English and Scottish material).
cap	The cap of Amanita mappa is 40 - 100 mm wide, whitish yellow to citron yellow, with pigment most saturated in the center. A white variant is sometimes encountered. The cap is sometimes touched with rusty brown here and there; it is hemispheric then convex, plano-convex, and finally planar. It usually lacks an umbo. It is smooth, shiny to subshiny; and, although tacky or slightly viscid at first, it dries quickly. Its margin is nonstriate and nonappendiculate. Volval remnants are absent or present as citron or pallid submembranous patches or clusters of breakable warts or fibrillose, concentrically arranged scales. These become pale brown to brownish to brownish white and are easily removable. The cap's flesh is white, tinted citron just below the cap skin when the cap surface is not white.
gills	The gills are free to narrowly adnate, rather crowded, very pale orangish white to cream to white to citron tinted white, 5 - 10 mm broad, with a decurrent line on the stem and a finely fibrillose edge. The short gills are truncate to rounded truncate to subattenuate and plentiful.
stem	The stem is 50 - 150 × 6 - 23 mm, satiny, cylindric or slightly narrowing upward, stuffed becoming hollow, white (sometimes tinted citron above the ring at, and sometimes appears to be sheathed with pale citron yellow material. The stipe's bulb is 20 - 40 × 21 - 40 mm and marginate, subhemispherical to subglobose. The stem's ring is membranous, skirt-like, rather thin with a thickened edge, and located on the upper part of the stem; it is pale citron yellow when the cap is yellowish (otherwise white) and browns in age. It is finely striate on its upper side in young specimens and finely flocculose on the edge and on the underside especially near the edge. The ring eventually collapses on the stem. The volva is present as an (often) rather short limb or limbs irregularly distributed on the stipe's bulb or as a white to browning ridge on the outer edge of the flattened upper surface of the bulb. The stem's flesh is white and unchanging.
odor/taste	The odor is radish-like or like freshly dug potatoes.
spores	RET spore measurements from yellow-capped material are (6.9-) 7.5 - 10.0 (-16.0) × (6.0-) 7.0 - 8.8 (-10.4) µm and are globose to subglobose, rarely broadly ellipsoid or ellipsoid, and amyloid. Clamps are absent from bases of basidia. Spores measurements from yellow-capped specimens, based on a larger sample of Neville and Poumarat (2004) are 7 - 9 (-9.5) × 6 - 8.5 (-9) µm and are globose to subglobose to broadly ellipsoid. RET spore measurements from white-capped material are (7.0-) 7.6 - 8.5 (-9.0) × (6.5-) 7.2 - 7.9 (-8.0) µm and are globose to subglobose, rarely broadly ellipsoid or ellipsoid, and amyloid. Clamps are absent from bases of basidia. Spore measurements from white-capped specimens based on a larger sample of Neville and Poumarat (2004) are (7.5-) 8 - 9.5 (-10) × (6.5-) 7 - 8.5 (-9) µm and are globose to subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, rarely ellipsoid.
discussion	This species (both color variants) is known from Europe and western Asia. Neville and Poumarat state that this mushroom may occur up to an altitude of 1200 m from spring to late autumn in Europe. These authors include an extended list of potential host trees including pines (e.g., Pinus pinaster and P. strobus) spruces (e.g., Picea abies) as well as broad-leafed species such as birch (Betula), Chestnut (Castanea sativa), European Beech (Fagus sylvatica), alien eucalypts (e.g., Eucalyptus glabulus), and oaks (e.g., Quercus suber). This species will be found in field guides or species list under a variety of names such as A. citrina, A. citrina var. alba, A. bulbosa, or A. bulbosa var. citrina. The color variants of A. mappa do not correspond to genetically separable groups. The correct name for the species is the one used to designate this page. The mushrooms known as "A. citrina" in North America are at least three distinct species, one of which is A. lavendula. Whe when temperatures approach freezing, all the known North American species may exhibit lavender or deeper purple staining or bruising). This color change is not reported for the present species. Asian material ascribed to this species is more likely A. sinocitrina Zhu L. Yang, Z. H. Chen & Z. G. Zhang or A. citrina var. grisea (Hongo) Hongo.—R. E. Tulloss
brief editors	RET

name

Amanita mappa

author

(Batsch) Fr. 1838. Epicrisis Sys. Mycol.: 6.

name status

nomen acceptum

english name

"Citrin Bulbous Amanita"

synonyms

≡Agaricus mappa Batsch. 1783. Elench. Fung.: col. 57, sp. 50.

≡Agaricus citrinus Schaeff. nom. illeg. 1774. Fung. Bavar. Palatin. Ratisbon. Nascunt. Icones 4: 11. [Ref. pl. 20 in vol. 1 (1762).] [Posterior homonym. ICBN §53.1]

non Agaricus citrinus Gunnerus. 1772. Fl. Norveg. 2: 126. [The publication date on this name is based on the research of Pfister et al. (1990. Mycologia Mem. 17: 53). This information was re-examined and clarified at our request (Dr. D. H. Pfister, pers. comm.): The date 1776 appears on some copies of this work. This is the date of a re-issue of the work with contents identical to those of the 1772 printing.]

≡Amanita citrina (Schaeff.) Pers. nom. illeg. 1797. Tentam. Disp. Meth. Fung.: 66. [Basionym illegitimate.]

≡Amanitina citrina (Schaeff. ) E.-J. Gilbert nom. illeg. 1940. Iconogr. Mycol. (Milan) 27, suppl. (1): 78, tab. 38 (figs. 3-4, 6). [As "citrina Fr." (sic). [Basionym illegitimate.]

≡Amanita venenosa var. [B] citrina (Schaeff.) Pers. 1818. Trait. Champ. Comest.: 180, pl. 2 (fig. 1). [A. venenosa is a nom. dub. Selection of a type would be arbitrary.]

≡Amanita bulbosa var. citrina Gillet. 1874. Champ. (Hyménomyc.) Croiss. France: 36. [Misapplication to Amanita phalloides.]

≡Agaricus (Amanita) phalloides var. b albus Duby in DC. 1830. DC. Bot. Gall., 2e ed., 2: 850. [Misapplication.]

≡Agaricus (Amanita) mappa var. minor Fr. 1874. Hymenomyc. Eur.: 19.

≡Amanita mappa var. minor Sacc. 1887. Syll. Fung. 5: 11.

≡Amanita mappa var. minor Killerm. nom. inval. 1931. Denkschr. Bayer. Bot. Ges. Regensburg 18(neue Folg. 12): 5. [Not definitely accepted by author. ICBN §34.1]

=Amanita citrina var. alba (Quél.) E.-J. Gilbert. 1918. Gen. Amanita Pers.: 67. [Note: Numerous authors cite the basionym as originated by W. C. Price; however, while he mentioned a white variety, he never named it.]

≡Amanita citrina f. alba Quél. 1892. C. R. Assoc. Franc. Avanc. Sci. 20(2): 467.

≡Amanita citrina f. alba (Quél.) E.-J. Gilbert. 1918. Gen. Amanita Pers.: 64. [Superfluous combination.]

≡Amanita citrina f. alba (Quél.) Veselý. 1933. Ann. Mycol. 31(4): ??. [Superfluous combination.]

=Agaricus bulbosus Schaeff. nom. illeg. 1774. Fung. Bavar. Palatin. Ratisbon. Nascunt. Icones 4: 61. [Posterior homonym. ICBN §53.1] [Ref. pl. 241 in vol. 3 (1770).]

non Agaricus bulbosus Pall. 1771-1780. Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs 1: tab. 9, fig. 2. [Unknown species.]

non Agaricus bulbosus Bull. 1780-1781. Herb. France 1: pl. 2. [=Amanita phalloides]

≡Amanita bulbosa (Schaeff.) Lam. in Lam. & Poir. 1783. Encycl. Méthod. Bot. 1(1): 112.

≡Amanita bulbosa var. alba Pers. nom. inval. 1818. Trait. Champ. Comest.: 179. [Replacement for autonym of type variety. ICBN §11.6, §32.7] [For the same reason, the type selected by Neville and Poumarat (2004) must be rejected because Schaeffer's plate is required to be the holotype of Agaricus bulbosus Schaeff. See "holotypes" data field below.]

non Amanita bulbosa (Cleland) Grgur. (≡Amanita austrobulbosa Grgur.)

≡Amanita candida Pers. 1797. Tentam. Disp. Meth. Fung: 66.

non Amanita candida Peck [≡Amanita polypyramis]

The editors of this site owe a great debt to Dr. Cornelis Bas whose famous cigar box files of Amanita nomenclatural information gathered over three or more decades were made available to RET for computerization and make up the lion's share of the nomenclatural information presented on this site.

MycoBank nos.

116594, 166106, 355583, 449971, 533644, 206334, 495405

GenBank nos.

Due to delays in data processing at GenBank, some accession numbers may lead to unreleased (pending) pages. These pages will eventually be made live, so try again later.

accession	locus	voucher	source
AF024446	nrLSU	(HKAS 31449)	Weiss et al. (1998), Lehrstuhl für Spezielle Botanik und Mykologie, Bot. Int., Univ. Tübingen
MK277516	nrLSU	14.ix.2013 R. K. Schumacher s.n. (RET 573-8)	L. Nagy, Agaricales Diversification, Szeged Univ.

holotypes

Agaricus bulbosus—Schaeff. 1770. Fung. Bavar. Palatin. Ratisbon. Nascunt. Icones 3: pl. 241.

lectotypes

Agaricus mappa—Schaeffer. 1762. op cit. pl. 20.

lectotypifications

Agaricus citrinus—Neville and Poumarat. 2004. Fungi Europeaei 9: 789.

revisions

Neville and Poumarat. 2004. Fungi Europaei 9: 787-805.

intro

This page is being rebuilt. Please be patient.

Olive text indicates a specimen that has not been thoroughly examined (for example, for microscopic details) and marks other places in the text where data is missing or uncertain.

The following material not directly from the protolog of the present taxon and not cited as the work of Dr. Z. L. Yang or another researcher is based upon original research by R. E. Tulloss.

pileus

60 - 70 mm wide, very pale citron yellow (e.g., paler and a little greener than 1A2) or entirely white, unchanging when cut or bruised, hemispheric at first, then planoconvex, sometimes subumbonate, shiny to subshiny, glistening under lens, tacky to dry; context white, usually unchanging, sometimes with faint brown tint under pileipellis in old specimens, sometimes with waterlogged spots over stipe, 4 - 7 mm thick above stipe, thinning evenly to margin; margin nonstriate, nonappendiculate, incurved at first, finally slightly decurved, with pileipellis exceeding ends of lamellae; universal veil absent or as cluster of minutely fibrillose warts and/or patch(es) of varying size (up to 12.5 mm across) or as concentrically arranged fibrillose scales, white at first, becoming brown from edges inward (sometimes before partial veil separates from pileus margin), detersile.

lamellae

free to narrowly adnate with slight decurrent tooth and (occasionally) faint decurrent line (10× lens), subcrowded, very pale orangish white to cream to pale cream in mass, off-white to off-white to very pale grayish white, pale citron yellow to very pale slightly sordid yellow in side view, unchanging when cut or bruised, 5 - 10 mm broad, ??; lamellulae subtruncated to rounded truncate to rounded subtruncate to subattenuate, plentiful, ??.

stipe

52 - 133 × 9 - 13 mm, white, sometimes becoming dingy or distinctly brown from handling, satiny, narrowing upward slightly, barely to distinctly flaring at apex, decorated with longitudinal striation (fine or marked) and raised fibrils, with surface sometimes splitting into fibrillose recurved scales; bulb subglobose to globose, subabrupt, 20 - 32 × 21 - 36 mm, soft, easily compressed; context white, unchanging when cut or bruised, white in larva tunnels, hollow or stuffed in upper portion and stuffed or solid below, with 1⁺ - 3⁺ mm wide central cylinder, with insets tunnels concolorous; partial veil superior to subsuperior, pale citron yellow or white (when pileus white), sometimes browning with age (especially at edge), membranous, skirtlike, collapsing, with edge thickened, with upper side faintly striate, with under side radially fibrillose; universal veil as short limb or limbs (sometimes of uneven height) or slight ridge around top of bulb, white, browning.

odor/taste

Odor faintly or distinctly of radishes or of newly dug potatoes, especially in bulb context. Taste not recorded.

macrochemical
tests

Specimen with yellow pileus (RET): Spot test for laccase (syringaldazine) - negative throughout basidiome (mature specimen). Spot test for tyrosinase (paracresol) - slowly positive in sectioned pileipellis, small spot along juncture of gill and pileus context, volval limb above stipe's bulb, and small spot on lower stipe surface, in approximately that order (mature specimen). Test voucher: Tulloss 9-6-88-J.

Specimen with white pileus (RET): Spot test for laccase (syringaldazine) - negative throughout basidiome (sporulation just beginning). Spot test for tyrosinase (paracresol) - minimal positive reactions in warts on pileus, volval limb, and external surface of bulb (specimen with sporulation just beginning). Test voucher: Tulloss 9-6-88-L.

[Add chemical information from Massart.]

basidiospores

send to graphing tool

Specimens with yellow pileus (RET): [40/2/1] (6.9-) 7.5 - 10.0 (-16.0) × (6.0-) 7.0 - 8.8 (-10.4) μm, (L = 8.1 - 8.7 μm; L' = 8.4 μm; W = 7.4 - 7.9 μm; W' = 7.6 μm; Q = (1.03-) 1.05 - 1.15 (-1.54); Q = 1.10; Q' = 1.10), hyaline, colorless, smooth, thin-walled, amyloid, subglobose, occasionally globose, occasionally broadly ellipsoid, rarely ellipsoid, adaxially flattened, infrequently with "giant" spores; apiculus sublateral, cylindric; contents ?mono- to multiguttulate to granular; ?? in deposit.

Specimen with white pileus (RET): [20/1/1] (7.0-) 7.6 - 8.5 (-9.0) × (6.5-) 7.2 - 7.9 (-8.0) μm, (L = 8.1 mu;m; W = 7.6 μm; Q = (1.03-) 1.04 - 1.13 (-1.14); Q = 1.07), hyaline, colorless, smooth, thin-walled, amyloid, globose to subglobose, often at least somewhat adaxially flattened; apiculus sublateral, cylindric; contents granular to multiguttulate; ?? in deposit.

ecology

Solitary to subgregarious. Scotland: In sandy loam under leaf litter in ancient, pure stand of Fagus sylvaticus.

material examined

Weiss et al. (1998) voucher for sequencing: GERMANY: BADEN-WÜRTTEMBERG—Tübingen, s.d. unkn. coll. s.n. (HKAS 31449).

Material with yellow pileus (RET): GERMANY: ??—near Berlin (location withheld), 14.ix.2013 R. K. Schumacher s.n. (RET 573-8, nrITS). NORWAY: VESTFOLD—Larvik - Bøkeskjogen, 27.vii.1978 G. Gulden 76/78 (O; RET 308-8). U.K.: SCOTLAND—Grampian Region - Dyke & Moy, Darnaway Estate, 6.ix.1988 G. & S. Kibby s.n. [Tulloss 9-6-88-E] (RET 107-5), Bernice Fatto, M. A. King & R. Tulloss 9-6-88-I (RET 107-8), R. Roper s.n. [Tulloss 9-6-88-J] (RET 107-9), R. Roper & Roy Watling s.n [Tulloss 9-6-88-G] (RET 107-7).

Material with white pileus (RET): CZECH REPUBLIC: SOUTH BOHEMIA—Stará Řeka Nature Reserve, 2.x.2006 Dr. J. Borovička 23 (RET 406-1). FRANCE: GIRONDE—Le Porge, 16.xi.1997 F. Massart 97067 (in herb. F. Massart; RET 273-2). ITALY: UNKN. PROV.—unkn. loc., 12.xii.2011 Carmine Lavorato 111212-18 (in herb. C. Lavorato; RET 501-5). U.K.: SCOTLAND—Grampian Region - Dyke & Moy, Darnaway Estate, 6.ix.1988 R. Roper & R. Watling s.n. [Tulloss 9-6-88-G] (RET 107-7), Bernice Fatto, Mary A. King & R. E. Tulloss [Tulloss 9-6-88-I] (RET 107-8), G. Kibby s.n. [Tulloss 9-6-88-K] (RET 108-4), R. Roper s.n. [Tulloss 9-6-88-L] (RET 108-2).

discussion

??

This is as good a place as any to discuss why using the spore data from ( Neville and Poumarat 2004) is not entirely workable in these pages. One significant problem occurs in their spore data for taxa (like the present one) with globose to subglobose spores. Here is the set of data they provide for the present taxon (converted to RET's notation): [80/-/-] 7.0 - 9.0 (-9.5) × 6.0 - 8.5 (-9.0) μm, (L' = 8.0 μm; W' = 7.8 μm; Q = 1.0 - 1.17 (-1.26); Q = 1.0 - 1.03; Q' = 1.02).

Compare the spore data presented immediately above to the spore data reported in the "basidiospores" data field, further up the page. Focus on the range of Q and, then, on the range of Q and the value of Q'. If we eliminate the upper and lower extreme values of Q in the two sets of data, we have Q = 1.05 - 1.15 (RET) and Q = 1.0 - 1.17 (N & P). RET's Q' (1.10) is precisely at the midpoint of the first reduced range. In contrast, N & P's Q' (1.02) is strikingly offset to the low end of the N & P range. In fact, the only way this can be true is if there were far more spores with Q < 1.02 than there were spores with Q between 1.02 and 1.17. What can cause such a striking difference in the two sets of data?

The most probable cause is not insisting that the spores that are measured be in lateral view. Without the procedure of measuring only those spores that are found by a fixed search pattern and are in lateral view when found and measured, the majority of spores measured will be foreshortened (one end is closer to the scope's objective than the other) and may appear broader than they would in lateral view, which is the only view in with the adaxial flattening of Amanita spores is clearly viewed (thus reducing spore width as much as possible).&

After evaluating the Neville and Poumarat (2004) data for the present species and other globose to subglobose spored species, RET decided not to include it in the basidiospore data fields for such species (and, consequently, not to have sporographs generated for such data).

citations

—R. E. Tulloss

editors

RET

Information to support the viewer in reading the content of "technical" tabs can be found here.

Spore data for collections
provisionally identified as: Amanita mappa (Batsch) Fr.

Spore data sets and their composite

Each spore data set is intended to comprise a set of measurements from a single specimen made by a single observer; and explanations prepared for this site talk about specimen-observer pairs associated with each data set. Combining more data into a single data set is non-optimal because it obscures observer differences (which may be valuable for instructional purposes, for example) and may obscure instances in which a single collection inadvertently contains a mixture of taxa.

basidiospore definition

Spore Measurements by Collection

[top]

name	Amanita mappa
bottom links	[ Keys & Checklists ]

name	Amanita mappa
bottom links	[ Keys & Checklists ]