Amanita alliiodora

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name	Amanita alliiodora
name status	insufficiently known
author	Pat.
english name	"Garlic-Odored Death Cap"
images	1. Amanita alliodora, Vohimana Forest, Andasibe Community, Moramanga Dept., Alaotra-Mangora Reg., Madagascar. (Newman DSN062) 2. Amanita alliodora, Vohimana Forest, Andasibe Community, Moramanga Dept., Alaotra-Mangora Reg., Madagascar. (Newman DSN062) 3. Amanita alliodora, Vohimana Forest, Andasibe Community, Moramanga Dept., Alaotra-Mangora Reg., Madagascar. (Newman DSN062)
intro	The following description is base on Gilbert (1941) and the notes deposited with the type collection.
cap	The cap of Amanita alliodora is 50 mm wide, fleshy, olivaceous-gray with a pallid margin, convex then planar, with a nonstriate margin. Volva absent from cap.
gills	The gills are crowded, free, white. Short gills are present.
stem	The stem is 50 - 60 × 6 mm, glabrous, slightly striate above the ring, and white. The volva is bulbous, white membranous, limbate, with an upper limb 30 mm from the bulb. The bulbous base is smooth, ellipsoid and not abrupt (based on the original sketch of Raymond Decary), up to 20 mm wide, and marginate. The ring is membranous, striate on the top, and skirt-like.
odor/taste	The cap smells distinctly of garlic. Gilbert (1941) reports that indigenous people used the extremely strong odor of garlic of this mushroom to stop headaches, although they considered the mushroom itself to be toxic.
spores	The spores measure 7 - 8 µm and are subglobose and amyloid. Gilbert's (1941) drawings of spores sometimes do not match the information provided in his descriptions. In this case, the lengths range from 8.7 - 9.5 µm. No spores are positioned in side view, so no reliable information on the width can be obtained. Basidia probably lacking clamps because of its assigned section.
discussion	Originally described from Madagascar, Africa under thorn-bushes. In addition to information about use of the fungus by indigenous people, R Heim reported to Gilbert some additional characteristics of A. alliodora. R. Heim stated that the cap is viscid when moist, the gills have a rose-cream color, and his spore measurements were 8 - 8.6 µm in diameter. He further reported that the mushroom had a bitter taste. The abrupt bulb suggested to Gilbert that the species should be placed near Amanita mappa. Today the latter taxon is placed in section Validae. Deadly toxicity is not known to occur in section Validae. On the other hand, a strong garlic odor, is most commonly reported in species in sections Lepidella and Phalloideae.—R. E. Tulloss
brief editors	RET

name

Amanita alliiodora

author

Pat. 1928. Mém. Acad. Malgache 6: 29.

name status

insufficiently known

english name

"Garlic-Odored Death Cap"

synonyms

≡Amanitina alliiodora (Pat.) E.-J. Gilbert. 1940. Iconogr. Mycol. (Milan) 27, suppl. (1): 78, tab. 34 (figs. 5-6).

The editors of this site owe a great debt to Dr. Cornelis Bas whose famous cigar box files of Amanita nomenclatural information gathered over three or more decades were made available to RET for computerization and make up the lion's share of the nomenclatural information presented on this site.

MycoBank nos.

250603, 534894

GenBank nos.

Due to delays in data processing at GenBank, some accession numbers may lead to unreleased (pending) pages. These pages will eventually be made live, so try again later.

accession	locus	voucher	source
KX185611	nrITS	26.i.2014 Daniel S. Newman, E. Randrianjohany, R. Letsara, V. Razafindrahaja & Lesabotsy [Newman DSN062] (SFSU; TANA)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KX185612	nrLSU	26.i.2014 Daniel S. Newman, E. Randrianjohany, R. Letsara, V. Razafindrahaja & Lesabotsy [Newman DSN062] (SFSU; TANA)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ

holotypes

intro

The following text may make multiple use of each data field.

The field may contain magenta text presenting data from a type study and/or revision of other original material cited in the protolog of the present taxon. Macroscopic descriptions in magenta are a combination of data from the protolog and additional observations made on the exiccata during revision of the cited original material.

The same field may also contain black text, which is data from a revision of the present taxon (including non-type material and/or material not cited in the protolog). Paragraphs of black text will be labeled if further subdivision of this text is appropriate.

Olive text indicates a specimen that has not been thoroughly examined (for example, for microscopic details) and marks other places in the text where data is missing or uncertain.

The following information is derived from the protolog, from (Gilbert 1940 & 1941), from (Dujarric de la Riviere and Heim 1938) and from molecular studies by Dr. L. V. Kudzma and from other original research by R. E. Tulloss and D. S. Newman.

pileus

protolog: 50 mm wide, grayish olivaceous over disc, paler at margin, convex at first, then planar, dry; context fleshy; margin nonstriate; universal veil absent. [Note: a stylized drawing deposited with the type shows the cap as broadly concave.—ed.]

RET/DSN: gray-olive, darkest over disc and becoming paler toward white marginal zone (20^±% of radius), with pigmented region virgate outside of disc, 34⁺ mm wide, at maturity plano-convex with central depression including distinct umbo; context not recorded, ca. 2-3 mm thick over stipe, probably thinning evenly to margin; margin nonstriate; universal veil absent.

lamellae

protolog: free, not very crowded, white; lamellulae present.

RET/DSN: free to narrowly attached, close, white in mass, white in side view, width and shape not recorded, with concolorous edge minutely fimbriate-pulverulent; lamellulae truncate to attenuate, plentiful, rather evenly distributed, of diverse lengths.

stipe

protolog: 50 - 60 × 6 mm, white, polished, subtly striate above partial veil, undecorated below; bulb abrupt, globose, up to 20 mm wide, marginate; context ??; partial veil membranous, superior, pendulous, rather narrow, striate above, with entire margin; universal veil limbate, intimately connected to bulb, white, with highest point ca. 30 mm from base of bulb. [Note: In the drawing deposited with the type, the bulb is shown as subabrupt with the volva limb attached near the bulb's margin and, hence, distinctly separated from the stipe base.—ed.]

RET/DSN: 68^± × 4 mm, white, smooth below partial veil; context not described; bulb 11^± × 8 mm, with obconic base; partial veil superior, attached 6 - 10^± mm below stipe apex, 3 - 8^± mm wide from attachment to margin, white, membranous, thin, persistent, collapsing on stipe, proportionately small; universal veil as membranous limb, white, originally upstanding and distinctly separated from stem, eventually collapsing on stipe, with highest point of limb 25⁺ mm above very base of bulb. [Note: since the dividing line between the stem and bulb is covered by the volval limb in extant photos, it more accurate to say that the total length of the stem and bulb combined is 79^± mm.—ed.]

odor/taste

protolog: Odor distinctly and persistently of garlic. Taste not recorded.

Dujarric de la Riviére and Heim (1938): Taste acrid.

macrochemical
tests

none recorded.

Dujarric de la Riviére and Heim (1938): Considered toxic by indigenous informants.

basidia

RET: ?? × 10.5 - 13.0 μm, dominantly 4-, infrequently 2-sterimgate, with sterigmata up to 5.2 × 2.2 μm, ??.

lamella edge tissue

RET: sterile.

basidiospores

send to graphing tool

(Gilbert 1940) data from holotype : [2/1/1] (8.3-) 8.5 - 8.7 (-9.6) × 7.9 - 8.4 (-8.8) μm, (L = ?? μm; L' = ?? μm; W = ?? μm; W' = ?? μm; Q = (1.02-) 1.03 - 1.10 (-1.11); Q = ??; Q' = ??), hyaline, colorless, smooth, thin-walled, amyloid, globose[?] to subglobose to broadly ellipsoid[?]; apiculus sublateral, cylindric; contents not described; white in deposit.

(Gilbert 1940) data from 1937 collection by Heim: [3/1/1] (7.3-) 8.4 - 9.0 × (7.1-) 7.8 - 8.0 μm, (L = ?? μm; L' = ?? μm; W = ?? μm; W' = ?? μm; Q = (1.0-) 1.04 - 1.16; Q = ??; Q' = ??), amyloid, globose to subglobose to broadly ellipsoid.

RET: [40/1/1] (7.7-) 7.8 - 9.3 (-10.0) × (6.3-) 6.5 - 8.1 (-9.0) μm, (L = 8.6 μm; L' = 8.6 μm; W = 7.4 μm; W' = 7.4 μm; Q = (1.08-) 1.09 - 1.26 (-1.38); Q= 1.17; Q' = 1.17), hyaline, colorless, smooth, thin-walled, amyloid, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, rarely ellipsoid, adaxially more or less flattened; apiculus sublateral, cylindric, small; contents granular to mono- to multiguttulate; color in deposit not recorded.

[Note: The most reliable information on spores of the holotype and the other pre-1940 collections is derived from the text and illustrations (Tab. XXXIV, figs. 5-6) of Gilbert (1940 & 1941). The best size-shape information is derived from measuring the scale drawings of spores in the above cited figures. On the other hand, of the five spores drawn from the holotype (fig. 5), at most two could be interpreted to be drawn in lateral view. The 6 spore drawings from the Heim collection (fig. 6) include 3 that might be interpreted to be in lateral view.—ed.]

ecology

protolog: Solitary. In thorny[?] underbrush, on sandy soil.

RET/DSN: Solitary.

material examined

protolog: MADAGASCAR, REPUBLIC OF: Maromandia, 20.ii.1923 R. Decary s.n. (holotype, PC).

RET/DSN: MADAGASCAR, REPUBLIC OF: Alaotra-Mangora Reg., Moramanga Dept., Andasibe Community, Vohimana Forest, Piste '2', 26.i.2014 Daniel S. Newman, E. Randrianjohany, R. Letsara, V. Razafindrahaja & Lesabotsy [Newman DSN062] [mushroomobserver #230339] (TANA, nrITS seq'd.).

discussion

The recent collection of Newman et al. (Newman DSN062) conforms rather closely to the protolog of the present species and the stylized illustration deposited with the type material. This collection yielded an nrITS sequence supporting its inclusion in sect. Phalloideae with closest matches to A. sp-Kerala01 (5.7% genetic distance) and to A. marmorata (5.8% genetic distance). The latter species is known to contain amatoxins. An nrLSU sequence (over 1400 characters) from the same specimen has a closest BLAST match in GenBank with A. marmorata (1.6% genetic distance).

According to Dujarric de la Riviére and Heim (1938) indigenous informants report that the species is poisonous and that its strong odor will cure headaches.

citations

—R. E. Tulloss, L. V. Kudzma, D. S. Newman, J. E. Shay and E. Randrianjohany

editors

RET

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name	Amanita alliiodora
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