name | Amanita fulva—Eurasian |
name status | nomen acceptum |
author | (Schaeff.) Fr. |
english name | "Fulvous Ringless Amanita" |
images |
1. Amanita fulva, Highlands and Islands Region, Scotland, U.K. 2. Amanita fulva, Highlands and Islands Region, Scotland, U.K. 3. Amanita fulva, southern England, U.K. 4. Amanita fulva, Degerberget, Hörnefors, Västerbotten, Sweden. 5. Amanita fulva, Degerberget, Hörnefors, Västerbotten, Sweden. 6. Amanita fulva, Zug, Switzerland. (RET 078-8) 7. Amanta fulva, Paamiut, Greenland. |
intro |
The name "Amanita fulva" has been misapplied to several different taxa that are widely geographically separated. In eastern North America, see instead Amanita amerifulva Tulloss nom. prov. and A. daimonioctantes Tulloss nom. prov. In the same region, while A. sinicoflava Tulloss has been mistaken for A. fulva in the past; however, now that the former has been described and illustrated, it should be relatively easy to separate from the "fulvoid" taxa with the unaided eye. In the southwestern U.S. and (at least) montane central and western Mexico, see Amanita nishidae Tulloss nom. prov. In central Mexico, Mesoamerica, and Andean Colombia, see A. fuligineodisca Tulloss , Ovrebo & Halling. In eastern Asia, fulvoid taxa should be compared to A. orientifulva Zhu L. Yang, M. Weiss & Oberw. and A. aporema Boedijn. From what is presently known of the recently described A. ochraceomaculata Neville & Poumarat of Europe, RET believes that the name may be taxonomically synonymous with A. fulva. Occasionally, albino specimens of this species are encountered. |
cap |
The cap of Amanita fulva is usually free of volval remnants, 35 - 95 mm wide, umbonate at maturity, with a strongly striate margin; it is orange-brown, paler at the margin, and darker (even very dark brown) in the center. Infrequently, roughly polygonal pieces of the volva may stick to the surface. |
gills |
The gills are free, close to subcrowded, white to pale cream in mass, and up to 6.5 mm broad; the short gills are truncate, of varying length, adjacent to margin or stipe or neither. |
stem |
The stem is 80 - 150 × 6 - 20 mm, predominantly white, and exannulate, with a membranous sack-like volva at the base. The external surface of the 30 - 80 × 8 - 35 mm volva commonly takes on red-brown to rusty stains. |
odor/taste | The odor is absent or faintly "fungoid." |
spores |
The spores measure (9.0-) 10.0 - 12.5 (-19.3) × (8.2-) 9.3 - 12.0 (-15.5) µm and are globose to subglobose (rarely broadly ellipsoid) and inamyloid. Clamps are absent from bases of basidia. |
discussion |
Amanita fulva is widely distributed in Europe in association with pine, spruce, birch, beech, and oak. While this name is applied to collections made in the Americas, no such collection examined by me has ever proven to be the European species. One American taxon to which the European name has been incorrectly applied is Amanita fuligineodisca Tulloss, Ovrebo & Halling (known from Honduras to Andean Colombia, occurring with oak); several others remain to be formally described. A short key-fragment useful in distinguishing A. crocea (Quél. in Bourd.) Singer ex Singer, A. flavescens (E.-J. Gilbert & S. Lund.) Contu, A. romagnesiana Tulloss, and A. subnudipes (Romagn.) Tulloss as well as the species most phenetically similar to A. fulva is available.—R. E. Tulloss |
brief editors | RET |
name | Amanita fulva—Eurasian | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
author | (Schaeff.) Fr. 1815. Obs. Mycol. 1: 2. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
name status | nomen acceptum | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
english name | "Fulvous Ringless Amanita" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
synonyms |
≡Agaricus fulvus Schaeff. 1774. Fung. Bavar. Palatin. Ratisbon. Nascunt. Icones 4: 41. [Ref. pl. 95 in vol. 1 (1762).]
For a more extensive treatment of the nomenclatural history of A. fulva, see Amanita Nomenclator (t.b.d.) The editors of this site owe a great debt to Dr. Cornelis Bas whose famous cigar box files of Amanita nomenclatural information gathered over three or more decades were made available to RET for computerization and make up the lion's share of the nomenclatural information presented on this site. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
etymology |
fulvus "tawny" "the color of a lion" [Note: Various mycological authors have translated the term into English and classed the color as a "red-brown" or an "orange-brown." A nineteenth century study of Fries' use of color terms (cf. W. T. Stearn 1992) said Fries applied fulvus to a color in the red-brown series citing the two definitions given above.] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
MycoBank nos. | 372117, 467417 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GenBank nos. |
Due to delays in data processing at GenBank, some accession numbers may lead to unreleased (pending) pages.
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intro |
Olive text indicates a specimen that has not been
thoroughly examined (for example, for microscopic details) and marks other places in the text
where data is missing or uncertain. The following is based on original research by R. E. Tulloss. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
pileus | 38 - 94 mm wide, fulvous to deep fulvous to orange-brown (5C6, browner than 6D5, 6D7, 7.5YR 5/8, 10YR 7/6) to slightly brassy yellow-brown, sometimes pallid at very margin, with disc sometimes becoming paler or grayer with in situ drying, infrequently entirely white, unchanging when cut or bruised, broadly campanulate, then hemispheric and subumbonate, eventually plano-convex with umbo, sometimes developing radially oriented fibrillosity with in situ drying, tacky to subviscid, subshiny to dull; context white, unchanging when cut or bruised, sometimes with brownish or sordid region below pileipellis in disc, sometimes with watersoaked spots above stipe context or above lamellae, 1 - 5 mm thick above stipe, thinning evenly toward margin for 65% to 90% of radius, then membranous to margin; margin striate (0.2R - 0.65R), nonappendiculate; universal veil almost always absent, infrequently as membranous patch (at times becoming areolate). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
lamellae | free without decurrent line on stipe apex, infrequently with short decurrent tooth, close to subcrowded, white to pale cream in mass, white (sometimes pale pinkish cream in albino material) in side view, unchanging when cut or bruised, rather thick, 2.5 - 6.5 mm broad, broadest at mid-radius, often with minute white flocculence on edge (lens); lamellulae truncate, of diverse lengths, unevenly distributed, frequency variable, attached to stipe or to pileus margin or to neither. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
stipe | 50 - 146 × 6 - 20 µm, pallidly concolorous with pileus or white above with brownish tint below or entirely white at first and becoming pale orangish brown, narrowing upward, sometimes slightly flattened, surface sometimes developing raised fibrils (browning from handling) at maturity, in young large specimens sometimes bearing thin layer of white felted material in upper portion previously in contact with edges of lamellae; context white, sometimes brownish in base, with larva tunnels concolorous or brown (especially in age), hollow, with some cottony white fibrils or white fibrillose-felted material in central cylinder at least at first, with central cylinder 2.5 - 10 mm wide; exannulate; universal veil as saccate volva, membranous, sometimes cracking into large pieces especially in material from very wet soils, soft, white or whitish, often with rusty or orange-brown spots or stains externally, pale orangish brown on interior surface, 1 - 2 mm thick at mid-height of limb, 32 - 80 × 8 - 31 mm, merging with stipe at very base, with membranous limbus internus positioned about half way between top of limb and point of attachment. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
odor/taste | Odor faintly fungoid or lacking. Taste not recorded. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
macrochemical tests |
Spot test for laccase (syringaldazine) - In button, faintly positive in one spot in base of stipe; in mature (but not old) specimen, positive slightly less weakly in two spots in base of stipe. Spot test for tyrosinase (paracresol) - In button, positive throughout basidiome except for upper stipe context; in mature, but not old specimen, the same except for weaker reaction in spots on lamellae. Test voucher: Tulloss 9-5-88-G. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
pileipellis | 55 - 80 µm thick, gelatinizing and colorless just at surface, otherwise yellow-orange; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 2.8 - 7.0 µm wide, ?, densely packed, dominantly subradially arranged, but with some at angles so as to criss-cross; vascular hyphae not observed. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
lamella trama | bilateral, with some elongate cells of subhymenial tree having major axis perpendicular to central stratum, with relatively large inflated cells of subhymenial base (up to 76 × 44 µm) sometimes obscuring central stratum; wcs = 85 - 90 µm; ?; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 2.1 - 5.6 µm wide, branching, ?; divergent, terminal inflated cells, not observed; vascular hyphae ? µm wide, ?. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
subhymenium | wst-near = 55 - 60 µm; wst-far = 90 - 95 µm; locally pseudoparenchymatous (cellular), but often with plentiful branching hyphae near bases of basidia, with basidia arising from small inflated cells and short uninflated or partially inflated hyphal segments. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
basidia | 43 - 71 × 13.0 - 17.8 µm, dominantly 4-, occasionally 2-, rarely 1-sterigmate, with sterigmata up to 15.5 × 2.9 µm; clamps not observed. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
universal veil | On pileus: as scant partially gelatinized or barely gelatinized layer of material from inner surface of limb on stipe base. On stipe base, exterior surface: ?. On stipe base, interior: filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 2.1 - 13.3 µm wide, dominating, sometimes in fascicles; inflated cells thin-walled, globose to subglobose, in local clusters, up to 70 × 63 µm; vascular hyphae 4.5 - 5.2 µm wide, branching. On stipe base, inner surface: ?. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
stipe context | double click in markup mode to edit. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
partial veil | absent in sect. Vaginatae. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
lamella edge tissue | sterile; in 2 - 4 (-5?) layers, in terminal chains, thin-walled, up to 40 × 31 µm, with plentiful hyphae interweaving and running parallel to lamella edge. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
basidiospores | RET: [300/13/10] (9.0-) 10.0 - 12.5 (-19.3) × (8.2-) 9.3 - 12.0 (-15.5) µm, (L = 10.6 - 12.0 (-12.3) µm; L’ = 11.2 µm; W = 9.8 - 11.4 (-11.6) µm; W’ = 10.6 µm; Q = 1.0 - 1.11 (-1.25); Q = 1.05 - 1.08 (-1.09); Q’ = 1.06), hyaline, colorless, smooth, thin-walled, inamyloid, cyanophilic?, globose to subglobose, rarely broadly ellipsoid, adaxially flattened; apiculus sublateral or rarely (and then on giant or malformed spores) lateral, cylindric to truncate-conic, sometimes rather broad; contents granular to mono- or multiguttulate with or without additional small granules; white in deposit. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ecology | Solitary to scattered to subgregarious. France: In sand of mixed decidous wood with some occasional Pinus. Germany: In Sphagnum in forest of Betula, Picea, and Pinus or in rather dry acid soil of reafforestation area under 20 year old Picea abies. Norway: In subalpine Betula forest or with Betula in montane meadow. England, U.K.: In thin loam fertilized by horses with Fagus sylvatica, Ilex, and Quercus or in loam in area with common, large conifer stumps, with Betula, F. sylvatica, and Quercus. Scotland, U.K.: In cool wet soil or peat with Pinus sylvestris and scattered Betula pendula × verrucosa (with or without Sphagnum and understory of Vaccinium) or in Sphagnum over thick peat with B. pendula × verrucosa. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
material examined |
RET: CZECH REPUBLIC: CENTRAL
BOHEMIA— Český Šternberk, Vrábov Hill,
15.vii.2006 Dr. Jan Borovička 8 (RET 403-1,
nrITS seq'd.). SOUTH
BOHEMIA—Losí Blato Nature Reserve,
3.x.2006 J. Borovička 27 (RET 404-3,
nrITS seq'd.).
FRANCE: GIRONDE—La
Bréde, Chateau La Sauque, 15.ix.1985 Rémy
LeTourneau s.n. [Tulloss 9-15-87-A]
(RET 020-7).
GERMANY:
BADEN WÜRTTEMBERG—Dettenhausen,
Ochsenbachtal, "Glaswasen," 22.vii.1997 Andreas
Gminder 97/245 (RET 305-9, nrITS seq'd.);
Schwarzwald, Kaltenbronn [890 m], 10.viii.1996
A. Gminder 96/159 (in herb. Gminder; RET 305-8,
nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.).
BAYERN—Bayerisches Wald Nat. Pk.,
Klosterfilz, ca. SA Oswald, 18.x.1987 N.
Arnold s.n. [C. Bas "(4)"] (L).
GREENLAND: PAAMIUT
MUNICIPALITY—1/3 of way towards head of
Mørke fjord on E side at basalt dike, 28.viii.1998
Torbjørn Borgen TB 98.193 (RET 294-7, nrITS
seq'd.); 1±km E of S part of head of
Equaluit fjord, at main river, 8.viii.1998 T.
Borgen TB 98.085 (RET 294-10, nrITS seq'd.).
NETHERLANDS:
FLEVOLAND—'t Spijk, 11.ix.1980 J.
Schreurs s.n. (L 980. 30 363).nbsp;
FRIESLAND—Schiermonnikoog,
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
discussion |
t.b.d. The name "Amanita fulva" has been misapplied to several different taxa that are widely geographically separated. In the same region, while A. sinicoflava Tulloss has been mistaken for A. fulva in the past, now that the former has been described and illustrated, it should be relatively easy to separate from the "fulvoid" taxa with the unaided eye. In the southwestern U.S. and (at least) montane central and western Mexico, see A. nishidae and A. sp-M15. In central Mexico, Mesoamerica, and Andean Colombia, see A. fuligineodisca. In eastern Asia, fulvoid taxa should be compared to A. orientifulva, A. tenuifulva, A. suborientifulva, and A. aporema Boedijn. For the narrowest taxonomic view of similar taxa see Amanita stirps Fulva, for a more inclusive view see Amanita series Fulvae Tulloss nom. prov. The Norwegian specimen (RET 310-6) consisted of a single albino basidiome. It was identified by DNA sequencing having originally been assigned to A. vaginatae var. alba in the field. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
citations | —R. E. Tulloss | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
editors | RET | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Information to support the viewer in reading the content of "technical" tabs can be found here.
name | Amanita fulva—Eurasian |
name status | nomen acceptum |
author | (Schaeff.) Fr. |
english name | "Fulvous Ringless Amanita" |
images |
1. Amanita fulva, Highlands and Islands Region, Scotland, U.K. 2. Amanita fulva, Highlands and Islands Region, Scotland, U.K. 3. Amanita fulva, southern England, U.K. 4. Amanita fulva, Degerberget, Hörnefors, Västerbotten, Sweden. 5. Amanita fulva, Degerberget, Hörnefors, Västerbotten, Sweden. 6. Amanita fulva, Zug, Switzerland. (RET 078-8) 7. Amanta fulva, Paamiut, Greenland. |
photo |
RET - (1-2) Highlands and Islands Region, Scotland, U.K. (3) southern England, U.K. Irene Andersson - (4-5) Degerberget, Hörnefors, Västerbotten, Sweden. [Note: Original images may be seen here.] Carmine Lavorato - (6) Zug, Zug, Switzerland. (RET 078-8) Torbjørn Borgen - (7) Paamiut Municipality, Greenland. (Borgen 86.256) |
name | Amanita fulva—Eurasian |
bottom links |
[ Keys & Checklists ] |
name | Amanita fulva—Eurasian |
bottom links |
[ Keys & Checklists ] |
Each spore data set is intended to comprise a set of measurements from a single specimen made by a single observer; and explanations prepared for this site talk about specimen-observer pairs associated with each data set. Combining more data into a single data set is non-optimal because it obscures observer differences (which may be valuable for instructional purposes, for example) and may obscure instances in which a single collection inadvertently contains a mixture of taxa.