Amanita breckonii - Amanitaceae.org - Taxonomy and Morphology of Amanita and Limacella

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name	Amanita breckonii
name status	nomen acceptum
author	Thiers & Ammirati
english name	"Breckon's False-Ring Amanita"
images	1. Amanita breckonii, exannulate specimens, Land's End, San Francisco, San Francisco Co., California, U.S.A. (RET 174-6, 174-7, 174-8)
intro
cap	The cap of Amanita breckonii is 40 - 90 mm wide, with color ranging from pale yellowish white to pale yellowish tan (for example, Light Buff to Naples Yellow when young and Ochraceous Buff to Cinnamon Buff when older*), convex to globose when young, becoming convex to broadly convex to plane to irregular in maturity, subviscid to viscid, with a decurved margin when young and strongly tuberculate-striate margin at maturity. The volval remnants are present as flat, irregular shaped, whitish to light buff, floccose plaques or patches.
gills	Gills are adnate to adnexed then free, white, close to subdistant to occasionally crowded, thin, and narrowly ventricose. The short gills are present in several tiers.
stem	The stem of this species is 70 - 100 × 9 - 20 mm, narrowing upward, solid or stuffed, white, smooth and glabrous at first, becoming finely furfuraceous towards the base. The bulb is large, solid, sometimes without marked separation from the remainder of the stem, sometimes distinctly marginate, subglobose to pear-shaped. A short, sharp "false root" is present at the bottom of the bulb. The ring is basal to subbasal, rarely median, often appearing double (see discussion, below). The volva is present as a white, friable, low rim of tissue around the top of the bulb, often with fragments adhering to the surrounding soil, disappearing with age. The flesh is white.
odor/taste	The odor and taste are mild.
spores	The spores measure (7.2-) 9.8 - 12.8 (-16.0) × (4.5-) 6.2 - 8.7 (-10.8) µm and are ellipsoid to elongate and inamyloid. Clamps are present at bases of basidia.
discussion	This species was originally described from California (USA) where it was observed under Monterey Pine (Pinus radiata) near sea level. It is also known from Washington state under Spruce (Abies) and Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa) at 1220 m elev. This species was originally noted for what was thought to be a double ring on the stem, however, the lower ring is actually a part of the volva which in the button stage was positioned between the stem and the underside of the ring. Both the ring and the false second ring are frequently lost by maturity. *Formal color names come from Ridgway (1912). [ return to cap description ] We are grateful to Janet E. Lindgren for supplying well-annotated recent collections of this species.—R. E. Tulloss and L. Possiel
brief editors	RET

name

Amanita breckonii

author

Thiers & Ammirati. 1982. Mycotaxon 15: 156.

name status

nomen acceptum

english name

"Breckon's False-Ring Amanita"

synonyms

Should cite Breckon's thesis (1968) here.

The editors of this site owe a great debt to Dr. Cornelis Bas whose famous cigar box files of Amanita nomenclatural information gathered over three or more decades were made available to RET for computerization and make up the lion's share of the nomenclatural information presented on this site.

etymology

genitive of Latinized name, "Breckon's" or "of Breckon"

MycoBank nos.

109588

GenBank nos.

Due to delays in data processing at GenBank, some accession numbers may lead to unreleased (pending) pages. These pages will eventually be made live, so try again later.

accession	locus	voucher	source
KR919758	nrITS	6.iii.1982 David C., Mark H. & R. E. Tulloss 3-6-82-G (RET 174-8b)	J. Geml et al., Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden
KJ535439	nrITS	12.ix.1968 G. Breckon 658 (isotype, NY 00066695)	K. W. Hughes Lab., Univ. of Tenn., Knoxville
KR919757	nrITS	6.iii.1982 David C., Mark H. & R. E. Tulloss 3-6-82-G (RET 174-8a)	J. Geml et al., Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden
KR919756	nrITS	6.iii.1982 David C., Mark H. & R. E. Tulloss 3-6-82-F (RET 174-7)	J. Geml et al., Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden
KJ535440	nrLSU	12.ix.1968 G. Breckon 658 (isotype, NY 00066695)	K. W. Hughes Lab., Univ. of Tenn., Knoxville

holotypes

SFSU

type studies

Tulloss, here.

revisions

Tulloss, here.

selected illustrations

Thiers. 1982. Agaricales Calif. I. Amanitaceae: pl. 19.

intro

The following text may make multiple use of each data field.

The field may contain magenta text presenting data from a type study and/or revision of other original material cited in the protolog of the present taxon. Macroscopic descriptions in magenta are a combination of data from the protolog and additional observations made on the exiccata during revision of the cited original material.

The same field may also contain black text, which is data from a revision of the present taxon (including non-type material and/or material not cited in the protolog). Paragraphs of black text will be labeled if further subdivision of this text is appropriate.

Olive text indicates a specimen that has not been thoroughly examined (for example, for microscopic details) and marks other places in the text where data is missing or uncertain.

The following revision is based on the protolog of the present species and unpublished data of Tulloss derived from a study of the holotype, isotype, and paratypes. Data on additional material is based on molecular studies of K. W. Hughes and L. V. Kudzma and other original research of R.E. Tulloss.

pileus

40 - 90 mm diam., convex to globose when young, becoming convex to broadly convex to planar or irregular at maturity, pale yellowish white to slightly tannish cream to pale shades of tan or pale yellowish tan (Ivory Yellow, Light Buff, Napthalene Yellow, Naples Yellow, Warm Buff), with disk at maturity Ochraceous Buff to Buff Yellow to Apricot Yellow, becoming Straw Yellow to Maize Yellow toward the margin, disk often Cinnamon Buff when old or water soaked, unchanging when bruised or wounded, subviscid to viscid; context pale buff under the pileipellis, else white, unchanging when bruised or wounded, firm, "floccose," up to 10 mm thick at stipe, thinning abruptly toward the margin; margin decurved to slightly incurved when young, plane to uplifted in age, smooth at first, becoming strongly tuberculate-striate (0.1-0.15R) at maturity, nonappendiculate; universal veil usually as scattered to abundant, deciduous plaques or patches, flat, irregularly shape, 2 - 4 mm broad, 1 - 2 mm thick, whitish to Light Buff, usually appearing white in age.

lamellae

adnate to adnexed, then free, leaving ephemeral decurrent lines on stipe apex, close to subdistant to occasionally crowded, white, sordid slightly orangish pale tan (10YR 7/6) to orange brown (7.5YR 7/8) when dried, thin, narrowly ventricose, with edge white and fimbriate when young; lamellulae in several tiers.

stipe

70 - 100 × 9 - 20 mm (width measured at apex), tapering downward, smooth at first, becoming finely furfuraceous toward base, white, discoloring slightly when bruised; context white, solid or stuffed with dense pith; bulb large, solid, sometimes without marked separation from remainder of stipe, sometimes distinctly marginate, subglobose to pyriform, with short sharp pseudorhiza; partial veil basal to subbasal, rarely median, often appearing to be double ("upper annulus," white, floccose, to tomentose, thin, weakly membranous to submembranous, originally continuous with universal veil tissue at pileus margin, separating from it early in expansion, with a margin thickened by fragments of the universal veil, often evanescent; "lower annulus" continuous with universal veil layer on bulb, separating from it late in expansion or often remaining continuous with the volva, white, floccose, to tomentose, not membranous, eventually forming thick to moderately thick ring just above rim of universal veil on bulb, often evanescent or remaining as a zone of appressed fibrils); universal veil as a white, friable, low rim of tissue around the apex of the bulb, often with fragments adhering to the surrounding soil, disappearing with age.

odor/taste

Odor and taste mild.

macrochemical
tests

Results according to Breckon (1968): on exposed context of the lower stipe and bulb unless otherwise noted: 10% FeSO4 - yellow; 3% KOH - negative; Melzer’s reagent - negative; phenol - positive; phenolaniline - positive; tincture of guaiac - faintly positive in the stuffing of the stipe’s central cylinder.

pileipellis

very thin in some areas, 10 - 30 µm thick; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 1.0 - 5.5 µm diam., subradially arranged, tightly interwoven, hyaline or with orange-brown intracellular pigment, gelatinizing; vascular hyphae not observed.

pileus context

hyaline except for tissue just below the pileipellis which is concolorous with it; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 1.2 - 11.0 µm diam., branching, with walls thin or thickened up to 1.2 µm thick, often in fascicles; inflated cells large and dominating (e.g. 100 × 68 µm), terminal, ovoid to pyriform to broadly clavate to clavate, with wall up to 0.8 µm thick; vascular hyphae 2.0 - 12.0 µm diam., uncommon.

lamella trama

bilateral, angle of divergence from very shallow to about 45°, diverging elements and limits of central stratum obscured by plentiful hyphae with rather shallow angle of divergence; w_cs = 45 - 55 µm; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 1.8 - 8.5 µm diam., plentiful, branching, with intercalary inflated cells thin-walled [with those in and adjacent to central stratum barely diverging from it or diverging at up to 30°, allantoid to subfusiform to suclavate, e.g. 58 × 15.0 µm, with those of the subhymenial base at some remove from central stratum subglobose to ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid to clavate to subclavate to broadly fusiform to fusiform (e.g. 22 × 13.0 µm) and having a less acute angle to central stratum (30° - 60°)]; divergent, terminal, inflated cells not observed; vascular hyphae not observed.

subhymenium

w_st-near = 25 - 35 µm (portion exceeding central stratum); w_st-far = 35 - 60 µm (portion exceeding central stratum); basidia arising from uninflated, short hyphal segments; these, in turn, part of branching hyphae originating in central stratum or arising from an inflated cell of the subhymenial base; clamps observed.

basidia

43 - 69 × 9.0 - 14.5 µm, thin-walled, 4-, 2- and 1-sterigmate (in order of decreasing frequency), with sterigmata on 1-spored basidia up to 15.0 × 3.2 µm; clamps and proliferating clamps observed, locally common.

universal veil

On pileus: with periclinal elements near pileipellis, otherwise without discernible orientation, somewhat gelatinizing on upper surface, remarkably like pileus context except for thin-walls of inflated cells which themselves tend to be narrower than in the context; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 2.8 - 12.0 µm wide, branching, sometimes with marked constriction at septa, thin-walled or with walls up to 1.2 µm thick; inflated cells dominating, ovoid to ellipsoid to clavate to subventricose to allantoid (e.g., 70 × 25 µm) to subpyriform (e.g., 60 × 50 µm), mostly thin-walled, terminal; vascular hyphae 3.0 - 5.2 µm diam., uncommon. On stipe base inclusive of limbus internus ("lower annulus"): absent or scant and then similar to remnants on pileus, with inflated cells collapsed filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae somewhat more plentiful than in material on pileus.

stipe context

longitudinally acrophysalidic; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 1.8 - 9.8 µm diam., plentiful, branching, at times in fascicles, thin-walled or with walls up to 1.0 µm thick (especially in those of larger diameter) or with very thin plaques on exterior of wall; acrophysalides plentiful, dominantly clavate, also ellipsoid to broadly clavate to obpyriform, up to 231 × 63 µm, thin-walled or with walls up to 1.2 µm thick; vascular hyphae 3.2 - 6.5 µm diam., uncommon, locally in loose coils.

partial veil

filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 2.2 - 8.5 µm diam., mostly radially oriented, branching, loosely interwoven, plentiful, somewhat gelatinizing, thin-walled or (especially those of larger diameter) with wall up to 0.8 µm thick; inflated cells within the fabric plentiful, terminal, with major axis radially oriented, elongate to narrowly clavate to clavate to subventricose (e.g. 135 × 30 µm), with a slightly grayish cast, walls up to 1.0 µm thick; vascular hyphae not observed.

lamella edge tissue

not described.

basidiospores

send to graphing tool

[320/16/3] (7.2-) 10.0 - 12.8 (-16.0) × (4.5-) 6.2 - 7.8 (-9.0) µm, (L = 10.9 - 12.0 (-12.2) µm; L’ = 11.3 µm; W = (6.6-) 6.7 - 7.1 (-7.2) µm; W’ = 6.9 µm; Q = (1.31-) 1.47 - 1.89 (-2.29); Q = (1.55-) 1.58 - 1.74 (-1.85); Q’ = 1.65), hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, inamyloid, ellipsoid to elongate, sometimes subventricose, often adaxially flattened, occasionally swollen at one end, occasionally subovoid; apiculus sublateral, cylindric, occasionally proportionately very small; contents mono- or multiguttulate; white in deposit.

ecology

Solitary to scattered to gregarious. California: Under Pinus radiata, near sea level.

material examined

U.S.A.: CALIFORNIA—San Francisco Co. - San Francisco, Land's End, 6.iii.1982 David C., Mark H. & R. E. Tulloss 3-6-82-F (RET 174-7, nrITS seq'd.), 3-6-82-G (RET 174-8, nrITS seq'd.); San Francisco, campus of San Francisco St. Univ., 11.xii.1966 G. Breckon 659 (paratype, SFSU), 28.vi.1967 Gary Breckon 736 (paratype, SFSU), 12.ix.1968 G. Breckon 658 (holotype, SFSU; isotype, NY 00066695, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.).

discussion

The lower of the structures called a double annulus in the protolog is actually the limbus internus of the universal veil as is emphasized by the statement in the protolog that the structure remains connected to the portion of the universal veil which covers the top of the bulb until late in the expansion of the basidiome. Note also that looking for the "double annulus" is not an infallible means of determination of this fungus in the field. The limbus internus may remain attached to the remainder of the universal veil on the bulb or, together with that tissue, be entirely lost. Note that the partial veil (the "upper partial veil" of the protolog) may also be ephemeral.

On forays with the San Francisco Mycological Society in 1982 and 1985, RET gathered material that is genetically identical to the the NY isotype of A. breckonii. This material was exannulate; and, at the time, was classified as A. gemmata var. exannulata sensu Breckon. Hence, material classified under the latter name could profitably be re-examined in hopes to find more collections of A. breckonii.

citations

—R. E. Tulloss, J. Geml, K. W. Hughes, and L. V. Kudzma.

editors

RET

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Spore data for collections
provisionally identified as: Amanita breckonii Thiers & Ammirati

Spore data sets and their composite

Each spore data set is intended to comprise a set of measurements from a single specimen made by a single observer; and explanations prepared for this site talk about specimen-observer pairs associated with each data set. Combining more data into a single data set is non-optimal because it obscures observer differences (which may be valuable for instructional purposes, for example) and may obscure instances in which a single collection inadvertently contains a mixture of taxa.

basidiospore definition

Spore Measurements by Collection

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name	Amanita breckonii
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